TABLE 2.

Characteristics of the study population in the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies¹

	Women			Men
	≤27.9 g Legumes/d (n = 550)	>27.9 g Legumes/d (n = 550)	P  2	≤31.9 g Legumes/d (n = 601)	>31.9 g Legumes/d (n = 601)	P  2
Dietary assessment to stool collection interval, y	8.86 ± 3.52	8.44 ± 2.76	0.03	10.2 ± 1.22	10.3 ± 1.29	0.08
5 to ≤7.4 y	284 [52]	280 [51]		0 [0]	0 [0]
7.5 to ≤10 y	162 [29]	178 [32]		230 [38]	211 [35]
>10 y	104 [19]	92 [17]		371 [62]	390 [65]
Age at stool sample collection y	70.1 ± 8.83	69.8 ± 8.42	0.54	67.6 ± 9.32	67.5 ± 9.03	0.88
50–59 y	65 [12]	53 [10]		142 [24]	132 [22]
60–69 y	238 [43]	262 [48]		240 [40]	246 [41]
70–79 y	137 [25]	142 [26]		131 [22]	144 [24]
≥80 y	110 [20]	93 [17]		88 [15]	79 [13]
Highest level of education
Below high school	340 [62]	351 [64]	0.39	256 [43]	226 [38]	0.20
High school	194 [35]	177 [32]		275 [46]	303 [50]
College	16 [3]	22 [4]		70 [12]	72 [12]
Annual income3
Low	100 [18]	81 [15]	0.18	106 [18]	78 [13]	0.03
Middle	410 [75]	436 [79]		452 [75]	464 [77]
High	40 [7]	33 [6]		43 [7]	59 [10]
BMI, kg/m2	24.0 ± 3.88	24.5 ± 3.79	0.02	24.1 ± 3.20	24.4 ± 3.27	0.09
Smoking
Never smoker	543 [99]	544 [99]	1.00	152 [25]	168 [28]	0.33
Ever smoker	7 [1]	6 [1]		449 [75]	433 [72]
Pack-years among smokers	5.37 ± 6.89	0.505 1.01	0.11	22.0 ± 17.1	23.6 ± 17.6	0.16
Alcohol drinking
Nondrinker	527 [96]	508 [92]	0.02	424 [71]	378 [63]	0.01
Drinker	23 [4]	42 [8]		177 [29]	223 [37]
Drinks/day among drinkers	0.11 ± 0.23	0.13 ± 0.43	0.77	2.28 ± 1.86	2.55 ± 2.06	0.18
Physical activity, MET/wk	12.9 ± 15.6	14.4 ± 16.8	0.13	12.0 ± 14.3	12.9 ± 17.2	0.32
Total energy intake, kcal/d	1410 ± 276	1650 ± 328	<0.001	1800 ± 399	2130 ± 494	<0.001
Hypertension4
No	300 [55]	318 [58]	0.30	473 [79]	481 [80]	0.62
Yes	250 [45]	232 [42]		128 [21]	120 [20]
Hyperlipidemia5
No	454 [83]	436 [79]	0.19	512 [85]	483 [80]	0.03
Yes	96 [17]	114 [21]		89 [15]	118 [20]
Metabolic condition6
No	260 [47]	268 [49]	0.67	414 [69]	397 [66]	0.33
Yes	290 [53]	282 [51]		187 [31]	204 [34]

¹Values are means ± SDs for continuous variables or n [%] for categorical variables. MET, metabolic equivalent task.

²P values are based on Student's t test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

³Low: <500 yuan per capita per year; middle: 500–1999 yuan per capita per year; high: ≥2000 yuan per capita per year.

⁴Ever reported hypertension during follow-up.

⁵Ever reported hyperlipidemia during follow-up.

⁶Having hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or obesity [BMI (kg/m²) ≥30].