TABLE 1.
Nutrient intake and lifestyle factors by dietary pattern for non-Hispanic white women and men aged 45 y and older1
| Vegans (n = 2832, hip fracture cases = 64) | Lacto-ovo-vegetarians (n = 12,008, hip fracture cases = 270) | Pesco-vegetarians (n = 2904, hip fracture cases = 70) | Semivegetarians (n = 2142, hip fracture cases = 42) | Nonvegetarians (n = 14,656, hip fracture cases = 233) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 62.8 ± 11.1 | 63.6 ± 11.4 | 65.3 ± 11.4 | 64.0 ± 11.3 | 62.5 ± 10.7 | <0.00012 |
| Female | 52.7 | 53.7 | 55.4 | 56.8 | 54.5 | 0.0022 |
| Education (Bachelor's or higher) | 32.1 | 39.2 | 30.8 | 28.0 | 23.3 | <0.00012 |
| Hormone use (current) | 7.8 | 18.2 | 19.3 | 21.1 | 21.8 | <0.00012 |
| Physical activity (walking >5 miles/wk) | 40.3 | 32.0 | 30.7 | 23.8 | 22.5 | <0.00012 |
| Alcohol consumption (ever) | 27.9 | 20.5 | 34.5 | 32.6 | 49.4 | <0.00012 |
| Smoking (ever) | 13.1 | 9.8 | 17.0 | 16.9 | 23.6 | <0.00012 |
| Sunlight exposure (<1 h/d) | 26.1 | 30.4 | 27.8 | 28.8 | 24.8 | <0.00012 |
| Skin type (light tanning vs. dark tanning) | 82.6 | 83.2 | 83.2 | 82.5 | 80.5 | <0.00012 |
| Using both vitamin D and calcium supplements | 32.3 | 46.9 | 51.5 | 49.1 | 49.7 | <0.00012 |
| Comorbidities3 | ||||||
| 1 | 22.9 | 23.9 | 24.8 | 26.2 | 26.8 | <0.00012 |
| >1 | 8.7 | 13.1 | 15.7 | 18.0 | 18.4 | |
| Prevalent cancer (yes) | 9.2 | 9.7 | 10.9 | 9.5 | 10.6 | |
| Energy, kcal | 1850 ± 678 | 1887 ± 689 | 1956 ± 724 | 1764 ± 6954 | 1942 ± 752 | <0.00015 |
| Total protein, g/d | 67.6 ± 27.9 | 68.9 ± 28.2 | 72.5 ± 29.54 | 63.9 ± 26.94 | 74.8 ± 30.34 | <0.00015 |
| Animal protein, g/d | 2.48 ± 2.14 | 11.5 ± 10.34 | 15.7 ± 11.3 | 15.5 ± 10.9 | 31.1 ± 18.14 | <0.00015 |
| Plant protein, g/d | 65.1 ± 26.94 | 57.4 ± 25.4 | 56.8 ± 25.9 | 48.4 ± 23.14 | 43.6 ± 22.34 | <0.00015 |
| Dairy protein, g/d | 0.003 ± 0.044 | 6.8 ± 8.74 | 7.7 ± 9.04 | 8.8 ± 9.34 | 11.6 ± 9.94 | <0.00015 |
| Nondairy animal protein, g/d | 2.5 ± 2.14 | 4.7 ± 4.44 | 8.0 ± 5.44 | 6.7 ± 4.84 | 19.5 ± 13.34 | <0.00015 |
| Soy protein, g/d | 16.5 ± 13.9 | 16.7 ± 13.7 | 16.1 ± 14.2 | 12.8 ± 11.54 | 9.1 ± 1.44 | <0.00015 |
| Nonsoy plant protein, g/d | 48.7 ± 21.14 | 40.7 ± 18.4 | 40.7 ± 18.8 | 35.6 ± 17.4 | 34.6 ± 18.7 | <0.00015 |
| Animal:plant protein ratio | 0.04 ± 0.034 | 0.24 ± 0.304 | 0.33 ± 0.304 | 0.39 ± 0.494 | 0.90 ± 0.784 | <0.00015 |
| Total protein, g/kg body weight | 1.00 ± 0.44 | 0.94 ± 0.41 | 1.00 ± 0.44 | 0.84 ± 0.394 | 0.93 ± 0.41 | <0.00015 |
| Dietary calcium, mg/d | 788 ± 3484 | 883 ± 4214 | 937 ± 438 | 852 ± 4264 | 920 ± 460 | <0.00015 |
| Calcium supplements, mg/d | 287 ± 4464 | 386 ± 476 | 431 ± 497 | 398 ± 484 | 405 ± 493 | <0.00015 |
| Total calcium, mg/d | 1076 ± 5704 | 1269 ± 641 | 1368 ± 6714 | 1250 ± 652 | 1325 ± 6814 | <0.00015 |
| Magnesium, mg/d | 607 ± 2644 | 538 ± 2544 | 579 ± 2824 | 491 ± 250 | 493 ± 251 | <0.00015 |
| Phosphorus, mg/d | 1248 ± 480 | 1266 ± 499 | 1344 ± 534 | 1204 ± 5034 | 1339 ± 542 | <0.00015 |
| Potassium, mg/d | 3824 ± 15534 | 3449 ± 13924 | 3693 ± 15114 | 3148 ± 13784 | 3322 ± 13944 | <0.00015 |
| Sodium, mg/d | 3304 ± 1930 | 3532 ± 1941 | 3381 ± 1874 | 3211 ± 1848 | 3592 ± 2056 | <0.00015 |
| Dietary vitamin D, μg/d | 2.4 ± 2.64 | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 4.3 ± 3.44 | 3.5 ± 3.0 | 4.9 ± 3.64 | <0.00015 |
| Vitamin D supplements, μg/d | 4.9 ± 24.54 | 6.3 ± 18.7 | 7.6 ± 24.7 | 6.8 ± 20.4 | 7.2 ± 22.7 | <0.00015 |
| Total vitamin D intake, μg/d | 7.3 ± 25.04 | 9.6 ± 19.1 | 11.9 ± 25.0 | 10.3 ± 20.5 | 12.1 ± 23.0 | <0.00015 |
1
n = 34,542. Values are means ± SDs or percentages.
2
Chi-square test.
3
Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, congestive heart failure, asthma, Parkinson disease, rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative arthritis, degenerative disc disease/sciatica, or fibromyalgia.
4
Different from all other groups at P < 0.05 (1-factor ANOVA Scheffé post hoc comparisons).
5
One-factor ANOVA.