TABLE 3.
Baseline characteristics of cases and noncases by sex1
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n = 419) | Noncases (n = 18,313) | P | Cases (n = 260) | Noncases (n = 15,550) | P | |
| Dietary pattern | 0.00032 | 0.542 | ||||
| Vegan | 42 (10.0) | 1423 (7.8) | 22 (8.5) | 1345 (8.6) | ||
| Lacto-ovo-vegetarian | 166 (39.6) | 6281 (34.3) | 104 (40.0) | 5457 (35.1) | ||
| Pesco-vegetarian | 48 (11.5) | 1562 (8.5) | 22 (8.5) | 1272 (8.2) | ||
| Semivegetarian | 28 (6.7) | 1189 (6.5) | 14 (5.4) | 911 (5.9) | ||
| Nonvegetarian | 135 (32.2) | 7858 (42.9) | 98 (37.7) | 6565 (42.2) | ||
| Age, y | 73.2 ± 10.7 | 62.8 ± 10.7 | <0.00013 | 70.9 ± 10.7 | 63.3 ± 11.5 | <0.00013 |
| Height, cm | 163 ± 6.7 | 163 ± 6.7 | 0.163 | 1.78 ± 8.2 | 1.78 ± 7.2 | 0.993 |
| Weight, kg | 73.1 ± 17.1 | 69.1 ± 15.8 | <0.00013 | 85.1 ± 15.7 | 82.5 ± 16.3 | <0.00013 |
| Education | 0.082 | 0.482 | ||||
| Some college or less | 308 (73.5) | 12,729 (69.5) | 139 (53.5) | 7967 (51.2) | ||
| Bachelor's or higher | 111 (26.5) | 5584 (30.5) | 121 (46.5) | 7583 (48.8) | ||
| Health self-report | 0.00072 | 0.372 | ||||
| Fair/poor | 79 (19.5) | 2445 (13.6) | 35 (13.8) | 1814 (12.0) | ||
| Good/excellent | 327 (80.5) | 15,508 (86.4) | 219 (86.2) | 13370 (88.0) | ||
| Using both vitamin D and calcium supplement | 0.112 | 0.292 | ||||
| Yes | 233 (55.6) | 9468 (51.7) | 118 (45.4) | 6548 (42.1) | ||
| No | 186 (44.4) | 8845 (48.3) | 142 (54.6) | 9002 (57.9) | ||
| Hormone use | 0.572 | |||||
| Never/past | 343 (81.9) | 14,790 (80.8) | ||||
| Current | 76 (18.1) | 3523 (19.2) | ||||
| Alcohol | <0.00012 | 0.00082 | ||||
| Never | 332 (79.2) | 11,769 (64.3) | 168 (64.6) | 8424 (54.2) | ||
| Ever | 87 (20.8) | 6544 (35.7) | 92 (35.4) | 7126 (45.8) | ||
| Smoke | <0.00012 | 0.262 | ||||
| Never | 391 (93.2) | 15,152 (82.7) | 195 (75.0) | 11,175 (71.9) | ||
| Ever | 28 (6.7) | 3161 (17.3) | 65 (25.0) | 4375 (28.1) | ||
| Physical activity, miles/wk | 0.00032 | 0.202 | ||||
| ≤5 | 335 (80.0) | 13,160 (71.9) | 187 (71.9) | 10,605 (68.2) | ||
| >5 | 84 (20.2) | 5153 (28.1) | 73 (28.1) | 4945 (31.8) | ||
| Comorbidities4 | 0.00022 | <0.00012 | ||||
| None | 207 (49.4) | 10,873 (59.4) | 143 (55.0) | 10,400 (66.9) | ||
| 1 | 127 (30.3) | 4611 (25.2) | 71 (27.3) | 3429 (22.1) | ||
| >1 | 85 (20.3) | 2829 (15.5) | 46 (17.7) | 1721 (11.1) | ||
| Prevalent cancer | 0.362 | 0.0092 | ||||
| No | 371 (88.5) | 16,499 (89.9) | 224 (86.2) | 14,135 (90.9) | ||
| Yes | 48 (11.5) | 1847 (10.1) | 36 (13.8) | 1415 (9.1) | ||
| Sunlight exposure, h/d | 0.012 | 0.312 | ||||
| ≤1 | 137 (32.7) | 4985 (27.2) | 33 (12.7) | 2325 (15.0) | ||
| >1 | 282 (67.3) | 13,328 (72.8) | 227 (87.3) | 13,225 (85.0) | ||
| Calcium supplement, mg/d | 0.082 | 0.182 | ||||
| None | 117 (27.9) | 6073 (33.2) | 117 (45.0) | 7900 (50.8) | ||
| ≤800 | 159 (38.0) | 6519 (35.6) | 106 (40.8) | 5691 (36.6) | ||
| >800 | 143 (34.1) | 5721 (31.2) | 37 (14.2) | 1959 (12.6) | ||
| Vitamin D supplement | 0.342 | 0.542 | ||||
| No | 184 (43.9) | 8474 (46.3) | 139 (53.5) | 8607 (55.4) | ||
| Yes | 235 (56.1) | 9839 (53.7) | 121 (46.5) | 6943 (44.6) | ||
1
n = 34,542. Values are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
2
Chi-square test.
3
Two-sample t test.
4
Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, congestive heart failure, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, Parkinson disease, rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative arthritis, degenerative disc disease/sciatica, or fibromyalgia.