Table 8.

Appropriate adaptation methods for identified CC impact for urban regions.

CC impact	Appropriate adaptation methods	References
Flooding	Construction of multi-purpose reservoir upstream, expansion of urban drainage systems, early flood forecasting and warning system, flood plain restoration, increased height of dikes, improvement of drainage systems, enlargement of tube wells and reservoirs, urban planning to avoid infrastructures in areas likely to be affected.	Pathak and Eastaff (2014); Devkota et al. (2017)
Drought	Early forecasting and warning system, water transfers, minimal water-intensive measures, construction, and expansion of water reservoirs.	Devkota et al. (2017)
Increased urban temperature	Changes in urban energy consumption to renewable options, promotion of household or neighbourhood-level greening, emission control and scaling up of low-carbon actions	Wilby (2008); Bouzarovski, and Haarstad (2019); Kondo et al. (2021)
Coastal inundation	Artificial sand dunes, construction of seawalls, sea dikes, and detached breakwaters, wetland restoration, enhanced drainage systems, and use of saline-resistant crops.	Zhu et al. (2010)
Reduced resilience of infrastructure	Adoption of improved building standards, adoption of building regulations following the International Building Code	OECD, 2021
Residence displacement	establishment of a long-term migration scheme across the country to take care of displaced residence	Constable (2017)