Table 2.
Prevalence of exposure to medications commonly used for insomnia, by select patient characteristics (see Appendix Table 1 for full patient characteristics)
| Characteristics | Total | No Exposurea | Benzodiazepine | BZRA | Trazodone | Diphenhydramine | Atypical |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N (% of total) | N (% of total) | N (% of total) | N (% of total) | N (% of total) | N (% of total) | |
| Age | |||||||
| <65 | 141,393 | 88,231 (62.4) | 35,984 (25.5) | 9,277 (6.6) | 7,156 (5.1) | 13,788 (9.8) | 7,805 (5.5) |
| 65–79 | 50,998 | 30,622 (60.1) | 11,999 (23.5) | 3,645 (7.2) | 4,368 (8.6) | 3,640 (7.1) | 3,298 (6.5) |
| >79 | 33,107 | 21,734 (65.7) | 5,088 (15.4) | 1,476 (4.5) | 3,288 (9.9) | 1,226 (3.7) | 3,121 (9.4) |
| Race | |||||||
| Black | 26,911 | 18,339 (68.2) | 4,469 (16.6) | 1,047 (3.9) | 1,463 (5.4) | 2,420 (9.0) | 1,815 (6.7) |
| White | 143,180 | 83,521 (58.3) | 38,271 (26.7) | 10,695 (7.5) | 10,753 (7.5) | 11,967 (8.4) | 10,136 (7.1) |
| Other | 55,407 | 38,727 (69.9) | 10,331 (18.7) | 2,656 (4.8) | 2,596 (4.7) | 4,267 (7.7) | 2,273 (4.1) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 130,551 | 85,055 (65.2) | 28,818 (22.1) | 6,926 (5.3) | 7,664 (5.9) | 10,883 (8.3) | 7,530 (5.8) |
| Male | 94,947 | 55,532 (58.5) | 24,253 (25.5) | 7,472 (7.9) | 7,148 (7.5) | 7,771 (8.2) | 6,694 (7.1) |
| Service | |||||||
| Medical | 91,917 | 47,193 (51.3) | 28,151 (30.6) | 7,784 (8.5) | 9,390 (10.2) | 8,873 (9.7) | 9,136 (9.9) |
| Surgical | 133,581 | 93,394 (69.9) | 24,920 (18.7) | 6,614 (5.0) | 5,422 (4.1) | 9,781 (7.3) | 5,088 (3.8) |
| Intensive Care Unit Stay | |||||||
| Yes | 36,707 | 16,417 (44.7) | 14,770 (40.2) | 2,559 (7.0) | 3,784 (10.3) | 3,511 (9.6) | 4,400 (12.0) |
| No | 188,791 | 124,170 (65.8) | 38,301 (20.3) | 11,839 (6.3) | 11,028 (5.8) | 15,143 (8.0) | 9,824 (5.2) |
| Mechanical Ventilation | |||||||
| Yes | 10,339 | 3,317 (32.1) | 5,970 (57.7) | 647 (6.3) | 1,060 (10.3) | 928 (9.0) | 1,858 (18.0) |
| No | 215,159 | 137,270 (63.8) | 47,101 (21.9) | 13,751 (6.4) | 13,752 (6.4) | 17,726 (8.2) | 12,366 (5.8) |
| Functional Measuresb | |||||||
| History of a fallc | 37,557 | 19,684 (52.4) | 11,024 (29.4) | 2,413 (6.4) | 3,948 (10.5) | 2,573 (6.9) | 4,705 (12.5) |
| Morse fall score > 50d | 58,882 | 32,319 (54.9) | 15,928 (27.1) | 3,782 (6.4) | 5,696 (9.7) | 4,423 (7.5) | 6,284 (10.7) |
| Visual impairmente | 65,116 | 38,233 (58.7) | 16,103 (24.7) | 4,965 (7.6) | 5,350 (8.2) | 6,073 (9.3) | 3,952 (6.1) |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Delirium | 9,182 | 3,552 (38.7) | 3,689 (40.2) | 383 (4.2) | 1,115 (12.1) | 930 (10.1) | 2,474 (26.9) |
| Dementia | 4,692 | 2,526 (53.8) | 771 (16.4) | 68 (1.5) | 490 (10.4) | 105 (2.2) | 1,407 (30.0) |
| Insomnia | 2,261 | 499 (22.1) | 1,067 (47.2) | 568 (25.1) | 603 (26.7) | 285 (12.6) | 274 (12.1) |
a No exposure to any of the medication classes of interest.
b Functional variables collected by clinical nurses on admission.
c n missing = 20,734.
d n missing = 31,300.
e n missing = 36,902.