Table 3.

Associations between medications commonly used for insomnia and time to first in-hospital fall

			Primary Analysis		Subgroup Analysis: Non-ICUa	Sensitivity Analysis: Any Exposureb	Sensitivity Analysis: Exposure Misclassificationc
			N = 225,498		N = 188,722	N = 84,911	N = 225,498
	Falls / 1,000 Exposed Days	Falls / 1,000 Unexposed Days	Unadjustedd HR [95% CI]	Adjustede HR [95% CI]	Adjusted HR [95% CI]	Adjusted HR [95% CI]	Adjusted HR [95% CI]
Benzodiazepine	3.6	1.7	1.9 [1.8–2.1]	1.8 [1.6–1.9]	2.0 [1.8–2.3]	1.9 [1.7–2.1]	1.4 [1.2–1.5]
BZRA	3.0	2.0	1.4 [1.2–1.7]	1.5 [1.3–1.8]	1.5 [1.3–1.8]	1.6 [1.3–1.8]	1.3 [1.05–1.5]
Trazodone	3.3	2.0	1.5 [1.3–1.8]	1.2 [1.1–1.5]	1.2 [1.02–1.5]	1.3 [1.1–1.6]	1.0 [0.9–1.2]
Diphenhydramine	2.5	2.0	1.1 [0.9–1.3]	1.2 [1.03–1.5]	1.1 [0.9–1.4]	1.2 [1.02–1.5]	1.0 [0.9–1.2]
Atypical antipsychotic	5.4	1.8	2.6 [2.3–2.9]	1.6 [1.4–1.8]	1.5 [1.3–1.8]	1.8 [1.6–2.0]	1.4 [1.2–1.6]

^aSubgroup analysis excluding hospitalizations with any time spent in the intensive care unit (ICU).

^bAnalysis restricted to hospitalizations with at least one exposure to a sedating medication.

^cAfter reclassifying the exposure status to unexposed in a randomly selected sample of 336 (44%) of 763 medication exposures that occurred on the same day as the fall, without exposure to the same class of medications the day before.

^dBased on a marginal Cox-type regression model, including only the medication of interest, modeled as a time-varying covariate, and accounting for repeated hospitalizations of the same patient using a robust sandwich estimator.

^eBased on a marginal Cox-type regression model, including all variables in Table 1, including other medications, and accounting for repeated hospitalizations of the same patient using a robust sandwich estimator.