Table 4.

Associations between medications commonly used for insomnia and time to first in-hospital fall, stratified by age

	Falls / 1,000 Exposed Days	Falls / 1,000 Unexposed Days	Unadjusted HRa [95% CI]	Adjusted HRb [95% CI]
Age < 65 (N = 141,393)
Benzodiazepine	3.6	1.2	2.6 [2.3–3.0]	2.0 [1.8–2.3]
BZRA	2.7	1.7	1.4 [1.2–1.8]	1.4 [1.1–1.7]
Trazodone	3.3	1.7	1.7 [1.4–2.2]	1.2 [0.99–1.5]
Diphenhydramine	2.4	1.7	1.2 [1.02–1.5]	1.3 [1.03–1.5]
Atypical antipsychotic	5.2	1.6	2.9 [2.5–3.4]	1.6 [1.4–1.9]
Age ≥ 65 (N = 84,105)
Benzodiazepine	3.5	2.3	1.4 [1.2–1.6]	1.4 [1.2–1.6]
BZRA	3.6	2.4	1.4 [1.1–1.8]	1.7 [1.3–2.1]
Trazodone	3.3	2.4	1.3 [1.03–1.6]	1.2 [0.98–1.5]
Diphenhydramine	2.7	2.4	1.0 [0.8–1.4]	1.1 [0.8–1.6]
Atypical antipsychotic	5.6	2.2	2.3 [2.0–2.7]	1.6 [1.3–1.9]

^aBased on a marginal Cox-type regression model, including only the medication of interest, modeled as a time-varying covariate, and accounting for repeated hospitalizations of the same patient using a robust sandwich estimator.

^bBased on a marginal Cox-type regression model, including all variables in Table 1, and accounting for repeated hospitalizations of the same patient using a robust sandwich estimator.