Table 3.
Weighted prevalence estimates of indicators of poor mental health indicatorsa among adults aged ≥18 years by disability status and typeb — Porter Novelli View 360 Internet survey, United States, April and May 2020.
| Current Depressive symptoms | Frequent mental distress | Suicidal ideation | Initiated or increased substance use | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | ||||
| Unweighted n | 306 | 119 | 86 | 193 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 28.6 (25.6–31.5) | 12.2 (10.0–14.4) | 8.4 (6.6–10.2) | 18.2 (15.7–20.7) |
| Disability status | ||||
| Any disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 154 | 62 | 53 | 89 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 56.8 (50.3–63.4)∗∗∗∗ | 24.8 (18.9–30.6)∗∗∗∗ | 20.7 (15.3–26.0)∗∗∗∗ | 31.5 (25.5–37.4)∗∗∗∗ |
| No disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 152 | 57 | 33 | 104 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 18.4 (15.5–21.2) | 7.8 (5.7–9.9) | 4.1 (2.6–5.5) | 13.4 (10.8–16.0) |
| Disability type | ||||
| Hearing disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 16 | 5 | 9 | 13 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 51.6 (31.5–71.7)∗ | 14.4 (0.9–28.0) | 31.0 (12.4–49.6)∗∗∗ | 38.2 (19.3–57.2)∗ |
| No hearing disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 290 | 114 | 77 | 180 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 27.8 (24.9–30.8) | 12.1 (9.9–14.4) | 7.7 (5.9–9.5) | 17.6 (15.0–20.1) |
| Vision disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 17 | 6 | 13 | 16 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 66.8 (44.4–89.3)∗∗ | 28.1 (5.9–50.3) | 49.8 (26.7–72.9)∗∗∗∗ | 61.3 (38.4–84.2)∗∗∗∗ |
| No vision disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 289 | 113 | 73 | 177 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 27.5 (24.6–30.5) | 11.8 (9.6–14.0) | 7.3 (5.6–9.0) | 17.0 (14.6–19.5) |
| Cognitive disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 83 | 36 | 31 | 43 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 76.4 (67.6–85.3)∗∗∗∗ | 39.4 (28.5–50.3)∗∗∗∗ | 31.0 (21.2–40.9)∗∗∗∗ | 36.1 (26.5–45.7)∗∗∗∗ |
| No cognitive disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 223 | 83 | 55 | 150 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 23.0 (20.2–25.9) | 9.3 (7.2–11.3) | 6.0 (4.3–7.6) | 16.1 (13.6–18.7) |
| Mobility disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 47 | 20 | 15 | 19 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 46.0 (35.8–56.3)∗∗∗ | 20.0 (11.6–28.4)∗ | 13.0 (6.5–19.5) | 16.6 (9.4–23.8) |
| No mobility disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 259 | 99 | 71 | 174 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 26.4 (23.4–29.4) | 11.2 (9.0–13.5) | 7.8 (5.9–9.7) | 18.4 (15.7–21.1) |
| Self-care disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 35 | 16 | 18 | 23 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 65.8 (51.7–79.9)∗∗∗∗ | 33.3 (18.5–48.0)∗∗∗ | 32.9 (19.2–46.7)∗∗∗∗ | 38.6 (24.5–52.8)∗∗∗ |
| No self-care disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 271 | 103 | 68 | 170 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 26.7 (23.7–29.6) | 11.1 (8.9–13.3) | 7.2 (5.4–8.9) | 17.2 (14.6–19.7) |
| Independent living disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 69 | 32 | 25 | 38 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 71.2 (61.6–80.7)∗∗∗∗ | 34.7 (24.0–45.4)∗∗∗∗ | 28.7 (18.6–38.8)∗∗∗∗ | 37.7 (27.4–48.0)∗∗∗∗ |
| No independent living disability | ||||
| Unweighted n | 237 | 87 | 61 | 155 |
| Weighted % (95% CI) | 24.1 (21.2–27.0) | 9.9 (7.8–12.0) | 6.3 (4.7–8.0) | 16.1 (13.6–18.7) |
Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.
∗p ≤ .05; ∗∗p ≤ .01; ∗∗∗p ≤ .001; ∗∗∗∗p ≤ .0001.
Current depressive symptoms were determined with a score of ≥10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 (PHQ-8). The PHQ-8 is adapted from the 9-item scale (i.e., PHQ-9), which is based on nine criteria aligned with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnosis of depressive disorders. Mental distress was assessed with the survey question “Now thinking about your mental health, which includes stress, depression, and problems with emotions, for how many days during the past 30 days was your mental health not good?” Respondents were considered to have frequent mental distress if they reported their mental health was not good for ≥14 days. Suicidal ideation was assessed with the question “At any time in the past 30 days, did you seriously think about trying to kill yourself?” Having started or increased substance use related to COVID-19 was assessed with the question “Have you started or increased using substances to help you cope with stress or emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic? Substance use includes alcohol, legal or illegal drugs, or prescriptions drugs that are taken in a way not recommended by your doctor.”
Disability type and any disability were assessed with a positive response to each of the disability response categories and ≥1 of the six response categories, respectively, following the question “Which, if any of the following apply to you?” (response categories: I am deaf or have serious difficulty hearing (hearing); I am blind or have serious difficulty seeing, even when wearing glasses (vision); Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, I have serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions (cognition); I have serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs (mobility); I have difficulty dressing or bathing (self-care); and Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, I have difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor’s office or shopping (independent living). Each disability type might not be independent; one respondent might have two or more disability types.