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. 2021 Sep 13;20:117. doi: 10.1186/s12943-021-01411-w

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Tumor-derived exosomes promote lung cancer metastasis. Tumor-derived exosomes, especially lung cancer exosomes participate in lung cancer metastasis by promoting cellular epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT); by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration; by regulating immune function and angiogenesis; by activating inflammation-related pathways or inducing tumor metastasis signaling pathways; and by interacting with neighboring cells to promote lung cancer progression