Table 2.
Exosomes related with lung cancer metastasis by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration
| Cancer type | Exosomes source | Related genes or pathway | Tissues and/or cells | Experimental data | Functions | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Promote proliferation and migration | |||||||
| Lung cancer | Cell culture fluid | Wnt3a/β-catenin | Lung cancer cells | Exosomes containing high levels of Wnt3a activate β-catenin signaling | Promote proliferation | [27] | |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Serum | circSATB2; miR-326 | Lung cancer cells | Regulate FSCN1 expression positively via miR-326 and be transferred by exosomes | Promote proliferation, migration and invasion | [28] | |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Cell culture fluid | HIF-1α/COX-2; miR-135b; miR-210 | Lung cancer cells | Hypoxia enhance numbers of exosomes and up-regulate of exosomal HIF-1α/COX-2 and expression of exosomal miR-135b and miR-210 | Promote proliferation and migration | [29] | |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Serum | miR-660-5p; KLF9 | Lung cancer cells | miR-660-5p in exosome may control NSCLC proliferation, viability, and metastasis by targeting KLF9 | Promote proliferation and migration | [30] | |
| Lung cancer | Serum | miR-96; LMO7 | Lung cancer patients | Exosomal miR-96 promotes lung cancer progression by targeting LMO7. | Promote proliferation, migration, and drug resistance | [31] | |
| Lung cancer (adenocarcinoma) | Cell culture fluid | Wnt5b | PANC-1 cells | Exosomes activate Wnt5b signaling in CHO cells and stimulate migration and proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 | Promote proliferation and migration | [32] | |
| Promote invasion and or migration | |||||||
| Lung cancer (Adenocarcinoma) | Lung cancer | TNF-β; TNF-α; IL-6; IL-8; IL-10; CD163; iNOS; MMP2; MMP9 | Lung cancer cells | Exosomes derived from lung adenocarcinoma cells can activate macrophages, increase MMP2 and MMP9 levels, and enhance the invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells. | Promote invasion | [33] | |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Pleura exudates | GGT-1; LTC4; CysLT1 | Lung cancer cells | Exosomes contain GGT-1 and transform exogenous LTC4 to pro-tumorigenic LTD4, and elevate the level of endogenous CysLT | Promote survival and migration | [34] | |
| Lung cancer | BALF | E-cadherin | Lung cancer cells | In exosomes from lung cancer, BALF promote the migration and invasion by carrying E-cadherin | Promote migration and invasion | [35] | |
| Lung cancer (SCLC) | Cell culture fluid | FECR1; FECR2; miR584-3p; ROCK1 | Lung cancer cells | FECR1 and FECR2 up-regulated in SCLC tissues; exosomal FECRs promotes lung cancer cells metastasis through the miR584-ROCK1 pathway | Promote invasion and migration | [36] | |
| Lung cancer | Serum | miR-106b; PTEN; MMP-2; MMP-9 | Lung cancer patients | Exosomal miR-106b target PTEN, increase the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and promote lung cancer cell migration and invasion | Promote invasion and migration | [37] | |
| Lung cancer | Cell culture fluid | ALDOA; ALDH3A1 | Lung cancer cells | Exosomes carrying ALDOA and ALDH3A1 from irradiated lung cancer cells enhance migration and invasion of recipient cells by accelerating glycolysis | Promote invasion and migration | [38] | |
| Lung cancer | Cell culture fluid | MMP3; MMP9 | Adipocytes cells | Adipocyte-derived exosomes promote lung cancer cells metastasis by increasing MMP9 activity via transferring MMP3 to lung cancer cells | Promote invasion and migration | [39] | |
| Promote proliferation and or inhibit apoptosis | |||||||
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Cell culture fluid | ASMA | Lung cancer cells; Human lung fibroblasts cell line HLF1 cells | Promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis in both normal lung fibroblasts and NSCLC cells by delivering ASMA | Promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis | [40] | |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Cell culture fluid | MALAT-1 | Lung cancer cells | Serum exosome-derived long noncoding RNA MALAT-1 promotes the tumor growth and migration, and prevents tumor cells from apoptosis | Promote proliferation and migration; Inhibit apoptosis | [41] | |
| Lung cancer (SCLC) | HBMECs | S100A16 | Lung cancer cells | Elevation of S100A16 prevent the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and enhance resistance to apoptosis of SCLC cells | Inhibit apoptosis | [42] | |
| Lung cancer | Macrophages cell culture fluid | Let-7a-5p; BCL2L1; PI3Kγ | Macrophages cells | Exogenous let-7a-5p induces lung cancer cell death through BCL2L1-mediated PI3Kγ signaling pathway | Promote autophagic cell death | [43] | |
| Regulate or inhibit migration | |||||||
| Lung cancer | Cell culture fluid | TGF-β; lnc-MMP2-2 | Lung cancer cells | TGF-β-mediated exosomal lnc-MMP2-2 might regulate the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells into the vasculature by promoting MMP2 expression | Regulate migration | [44] | |
| Lung cancer | Cell culture fluid | TGF-β; IL-10 | Lung cancer cells NCI-H1688 | Exosomes derived from cancer cells regulate the cellular migration of tumor cells through TGF-β and IL-10 | Regulate migration | [45] | |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Cell culture fluid | PEDF; THBS1 | Lung cancer cells | Exosomes from PEDF-treated cells contain THBS1, which inhibit cytoskeletal remodeling and exosome-induced lung cancer cell motility, migration, and invasion | Inhibit invasion and migration | [46] | |
Abbreviations: ALDH3A1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1, ALDOA Aldolase A, ASMA Alpha-smooth muscle actin, BALF Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BCL2L1 B-cell lymphoma-2, CHO Chinese hamster ovary, COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2, CysLT1 Cysteinyl leukotriene 1, FECR FLI1 exonic circular RNAs, FSCN1 Fascin homolog 1, actin-bundling protein 1, GGT-1 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1, HBMECs Human brain microvascular endothelial cells, HIF-1α Hypoxia inducible factor-1, IL Interleukin, iNOS Inducible nitric-oxide synthase, KLF9 Kriippel-like factor9, LMO7 LIM-domain only protein 7, LT Leukotriene, MALAT-1 Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, MMP Matrix metalloproteinase, NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer, ROCK1 Rho Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase 1 gene, PANC-1 Human pancreatic cancer cell line, PEDF Pigment epithelium-derived factor, PI3Kγ PI-3 kinase gamma, PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten, SCLC Small cell lung cancer, TGF Transforming growth factor, THBS1 Thrombospondin 1, TNF Tumor necrosis factor