Table 4.
Exosomes related with lung cancer metastasis by other mechanisms
| Cancer type | Exosomes source | Related genes or pathway | Tissues and/or cells | Experimental data | Function | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung cancer | Lung cancer cells | TRIM59; NLRP3;, IL-1β | Lung cancer cells; macrophages | Lung cancer cells-derived exosomal TRIM59 converts macrophages via regulating ABHD5 proteasomal degradation, to activate NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway to promote lung cancer progression by IL-1β secretion | Promote lung cancer progression | [58] |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Lung cancer cells | AREG; EGFR; RANKL | Lung cancer cells | NSCLC-exosomes, containing AREG, induce EGFR pathway activation in pre-osteoclasts that in turn causes an increased expression of RANKL | Promote bone metastasis | [59] |
| Lung cancer | Cell culture fluid | COX-2 | Lung cancer cells; THP-1 | COX-2 expression is induced by celecoxib treatment in lung cancer cells and is transferred to neighbor cells via exosomes | Involve in the interaction with neighbor cells | [60] |
| Lung cancer | Lung cancer cells | lncRNA | Lung cancer cells | Lung cancer exosomes initiate global long non-coding RNA changes in mesenchymal stem cells to inhibit MSCs osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation | Tumor exosomes contribute to interactions between MSCs and tumor cells | [61] |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Serum | miR-222-3p; SOCS3 | Gemcitabine- resistant A549 cells | Exosomic miR-222-3p enhances the proliferation, gemcitabine resistance, migration, invasion, and anti-anoikis of parental sensitive cells by directly targeting the promoter of SOCS3 | Enhance proliferation and metastasis | [62] |
| Lung cancer | Serum | Exosomal miR-21 and miR-155 | Nude mouse model with lung cancer | Exosomal miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-155, were significantly upregulated in recurrent tumors compared to primary tumors | Exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers of recurrent lung cancer | [63] |
| Lung cancer | Plasma; Lung cancer cells | Lung cancer cells and lung cancer patients | Including stage I and II cancer patients, plasma exosomes of 90.7% patients had higher similarity to lung cancer cell exosomes than the average of the healthy controls. Such similarity was proportional to the progression of cancer | Similarity between plasma and lung cancer cell relates to progression of cancer | [64] | |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Plasma | Lung cancer patients | Plasma exosome level correlates with tumor stage and may serve as a prognostic factor for NSCLC | Plasma exosome correlate with tumor stage | [65] | |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Plasma | Exosomal Tim-3 and Galectin-9 | Lung cancer patients | High levels of Exo-Tim-3 and Exo-Galectin-9 were all positively correlated with larger tumor size, advanced stages, and more distant metastasis | Correlate with metastasis | [66] |
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Serum | Exo-GAS5 | NSCLC patients | Patients with NSCLC with larger tumor size and advanced TNM classification showed lower Exo-GAS5 expression | Exo-GAS5 expression is associated with advanced TNM classification | [67] |
Abbreviations: ABHD5 Abhydrolase domain containing 5, AREG Amphiregulin, COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2, EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor, GASS Growth arrest-specific transcript 5, IL Interleukin, MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells, NLRP3 NOD-LRR-and pyrin domain-containing protein 3, NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer, RANKL Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor-κ B Ligand, SERS Surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SOCS3 Suppressors-of-cytokine-signaling 3, THP-1 Human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells, TNM T: extent of the primary tumor; N: lymph node involvement; M: metastatic disease, TRIM59 Tripartite motif-containing 59