Table 2.

Details of hyperparameter tuning for each method. xe+y means x × 10^y and xe−y means x × 10^−y

Method	Hyper-parameter	Candidates	Used hyperparameters
			Order information (−)		Order information (+)
			Oversampling (−)	Oversampling (+)	Oversampling (−)	Oversampling (+)
LR	C	1e− 4, 1e −3, 1e −2, 1e −1, 1.0, 1e+1, 1e+2, 1e+3, 1e+4	1e+2	1e −2	1.0	1.0
	L1 ratio	0.0, 0.5, 1.0	1.0	0.5	1.0	1.0
GBDT	Iterations	500, 1,000, 1,500	500	1,000	1,500	1,000
LSTM	Learning rate	5e −6, 1e −5, 2e −5, 3e −5	5e −6	1e −5	5e −6	5e −6
	Epochs	5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30	20	5	20	25
BERT	Learning rate	1e −5, 2e −5, 3e −5, 4e −5, 5e −5	5e −5	5e −5	4e −5	1e −5
	Epochs	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	3	1	3	1