Table 1.
Results of univariable analysis for risk factors for seropositivity to IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in slaughterhouse workers from western Kenya
| Variable | Number (%) n = 737 | Number positive (%) n = 619 | OR (95%CI) | p–value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual variables | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 26 (3.5) | 18 (69.2) | 1 | Ref. |
| Male | 711 (96.5) | 601 (84.5) | 2.57 (0.98–6.72) | 0.055 |
| Age groups | ||||
| 18–27 | 167 (22.7) | 130 (77.8) | 1 | Ref. |
| 28–37 | 227 (30.8) | 186 (81.9) | 1.42 (0.82–2.46) | 0.217 |
| 38–47 | 147 (19.9) | 127 (86.4) | 1.95 (1.02–3.74) | 0.043 |
| 48 + | 196 (26.6) | 176 (89.8) | 2.79 (1.46–5.36) | 0.002 |
| Age (linear) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.001 | ||
| Own cattle | ||||
| No | 252 (34.2) | 206 (81.7) | ||
| Yes | 485 (65.8) | 413 (85.2) | 1.34 (0.86–2.10) | 0.196 |
| Own sheep | ||||
| No | 624 (84.7) | 524 (84.0) | ||
| Yes | 113 (15.3) | 95 (84.1) | 1.02 (0.56–1.85) | 0.947 |
| Own goats | ||||
| No | 469 (63.6) | 391 (83.4) | ||
| Yes | 268 (36.4) | 228 (85.1) | 1.14 (0.73–1.80) | 0.558 |
| Own pigs | ||||
| No | 517 (70.1) | 429 (83.0) | ||
| Yes | 220 (29.9) | 190 (86.4) | 1.44 (0.87–2.36) | 0.156 |
| Own poultry | ||||
| No | 104 (14.1) | 80 (76.9) | ||
| Yes | 633 (85.9) | 539 (85.2) | 1.97 (1.11–3.48) | 0.020 |
| Drink animal blood | ||||
| No | 339 (46.0) | 271 (79.9) | ||
| Yes | 398 (54.0) | 348 (87.4) | 1.96 (1.26–3.06) | 0.003 |
| Drink cow’s milk | ||||
| No | 35 (4.7) | 32 (91.4) | ||
| Yes | 702 (95.3) | 587 (83.6) | 0.43 (0.12–1.52) | 0.191 |
| Drink goat’s milk | ||||
| No | 716 (97.2) | 601 (83.9) | ||
| Yes | 21 (2.8) | 18 (85.7) | 1.02 (0.27–3.84) | 0.980 |
| Eat beef | ||||
| No | 22 (3.0) | 20 (90.9) | ||
| Yes | 715 (97.0) | 599 (83.8) | 0.58 (0.13–2.70) | 0.491 |
| Eat pork | ||||
| No | 230 (31.2) | 191 (83.0) | ||
| Yes | 507 (68.8) | 428 (84.4) | 1.18 (0.74–1.89) | 0.478 |
| Eat at slaughterhouse | ||||
| No | 593 (80.5) | 494 (83.3) | ||
| Yes | 144 (19.5) | 125 (86.8) | 1.18 (0.64–2.17) | 0.600 |
| HIV positive | ||||
| No | 648 (87.9) | 540 (83.3) | ||
| Yes | 89 (12.1) | 79 (88.8) | 1.65 (0.79–3.42) | 0.179 |
| Job in slaughterhouse | ||||
| Slaughterman/foreman | 79 (10.7) | 65 (82.3) | 1 | Ref. |
| Flayer | 579 (78.6) | 487 (84.1) | 1.13 (0.58–2.18) | 0.727 |
| Cleans intestines | 43 (5.8) | 37 (86.0) | 1.09 (0.36–3.32) | 0.880 |
| Cleans slaughterhouse | 36 (4.9) | 30 (83.3) | 0.99 (0.32–3.05) | 0.989 |
| Other job | ||||
| No job | 137 (18.6) | 115 (83.9) | 1 | Ref. |
| Butcher | 299 (40.6) | 248 (82.9) | 0.92 (0.51–1.67) | 0.784 |
| Farmer | 213 (28.9) | 182 (85.4) | 1.04 (0.55–1.97) | 0.896 |
| Other | 88 (11.9) | 74 (84.1) | 0.96 (0.44–2.12) | 0.927 |
| Time as worker (linear) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.019 | ||
| Slaughterhouse level variables | ||||
| Animal type | ||||
| Cattle, sheep, goats | 274 (37.2) | 231 (84.3) | 1 | Ref. |
| Cattle only | 292 (39.6) | 249 (85.3) | 1.18 (0.63–2.21) | 0.614 |
| Pigs only | 171 (23.2) | 139 (81.3) | 0.83 (0.43–1.60) | 0.574 |