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. 2021 Sep 12;18:196. doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02268-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — The effects of TNF-α-CM on microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis and the identification of sEVs. a, b Western blotting detection of CCL2 expression in astrocytes. c qRT-PCR to detect the expression of CCL2 in astrocytes. d Astrocyte culture medium stimulated by TNF-α (TNF-α-CM) promotes the release of NO from microglia, and the amount of NO released by microglia decreases after addition of an sEV inhibitor GW4869. e TUNEL staining to detect neuronal apoptosis. f–i TEM, NTA and western blotting to identify sEVs. j, k Western blotting to detect CCL2 expression in sEVs