Table 2.

Causes of elevated FC other than IBD [46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73]

Type of the causes	Diseases
Inflammatory/infectious	Giardia lamblia
	Clostridium difficile
	Bacterial factors
	Viral factors
	HIV
	Untreated celiac disease
	Diverticulosis
	Microscopic colitis
	SIBO
	Pancreatitis
	Pouchitis
Neoplasms	Juvenile polyposis
	Pancreatic cancer*
	Intestinal polyposis
	Colorectal cancer*
Iatrogenic	NSAIDs
	PPIs
Other	Radiotherapy*
	Graft rejection following
	Intestinal transplant
	Untreated food allergy
	Cystic fibrosis
	Age <5 years
	Liver cirrhosis
	Gastroesophageal reflux disease
	Immune deficiency
	Protein-losing enteropathy

PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; FC, fecal calprotectin; SIBO, small intestinal bacterial outgrowth.

^*Very rarely seen in children.