Table 1.
Demographic and Baseline Characteristics of Participants According to the Type of Intervention
| COG+ | COG− | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AER+ | AER− | AER+ | AER− | |
| Characteristics | n = 26 | n = 23 | n = 20 | n = 18 |
| Age (years), M ± SD | 71.85 ± 7.16 | 74.17 ± 6.71 | 70.75 ± 6.90 | 72.50 ± 6.96 |
| Education (years) M ± SD | 14.85 ± 2.84 | 14.09 ± 4.17 | 15.65 ± 2.39 | 14.06 ± 3.80 |
| Sex, F (M) | 17 (9) | 19 (4) | 11 (9) | 15 (3) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 9 (34.6) | 12 (52.2) | 11 (55) | 11 (61.1) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 6 (23.1) | 3 (13) | 1 (5) | 3 (16.7) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 9 (34.6) | 9 (39.1) | 8 (40) | 3 (16.7) |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 8 (30.8) | 9 (39.1) | 1 (5) | 5 (27.8) |
| Arthritis, n (%) | 11 (42.3) | 14 (60.9) | 9 (45) | 12 (66.7) |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 6 (23.1) | 9 (39.1) | 2 (10) | 3 (16.7) |
| Number of medications, M ± SD | 4.34 ± 2.68 | 6.09 ± 4.10 | 4.25 ± 2.94 | 3.88 ± 3.16 |
| MMSE, M ± SD | 28.88 ± 1.21 | 29.17 ± 1.03 | 28.85 ± 1.04 | 28.50 ± 1.38 |
| Digit Span Forward, M ± SD | 6.23 ± 1.24 | 6.13 ± 1.25 | 6.10 ± 1.16 | 5.94 ± 1.35 |
| Digit Span Backward, M ± SD | 4.50 ± 1.18 | 4.91 ± 1.62 | 4.85 ± 0.93 | 4.67 ± 1.14 |
| Similarities, M ± SD | 23.15 ± 4.95 | 21.70 ± 4.61 | 22.45 ± 5.38 | 22.28 ± 5.68 |
| Digit Substitutions, M ± SD | 57.32 ± 13.14 | 54.13 ± 12.63 | 58.25 ± 17.63 | 57.00 ± 14.88 |
| GDS, M ± SD | 5.38 ± 4.28 | 4.32 ± 4.38 | 5.80 ± 4.68 | 2.72 ± 2.93 |
| Quality of life, M ± SD | 3.70 ± 3.60 | 2.68 ± 3.47 | 3.47 ± 2.40 | 3.05 ± 2.44 |
Note: AER+ = aerobic/resistance training; AER− = stretching/toning exercises; COG+ = dual-task training; COG− = computer lessons; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.