Table 3.
Associations between hand washing and smoking status, e‐cigarette use and NRT use.
| Hand‐washing context | n (%, 95% CI) | unOR (95% CI) | P | aORj (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| After coming home | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 1728 (95.8%, 94.8–96.6%) | – | – | – | – |
| Long‐term ex | 803 (96.3%, 94.8–97.4%) | 1.25 (0.82–1.94) | 0.31 | 1.20 (0.78–1.89) | 0.41 |
| Recent ex | 67 (93.1%, 84.8–97.0%) | 0.67 (0.31–1.80) | 0.37 | 0.76 (0.34–2.06) | 0.55 |
| Current smoker | 446 (95.1%, 92.7–96.7%) | 0.94 (0.61–1.48) | 0.78 | 1.10 (0.71–1.76) | 0.68 |
| E‐cigarette use | |||||
| No current use | 2859 (95.7%, 94.9–96.4%) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use | 185 (96.4%, 92.7–98.2%) | 1.61 (0.79–3.93) | 0.24 | 1.87 (0.88–4.68) | 0.14 |
| NRT use | |||||
| No current use | 2959 (95.7%, 95.0–96.4%) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use | 85 (96.6%, 90.5–98.8%) | 1.50 (0.55–6.15) | 0.50 | 1.73 (0.62–7.25) | 0.37 |
| Before preparing food | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 1758 (97.5%, 96.6–98.1%) | – | – | – | – |
| Long‐term ex | 808 (96.9%, 95.5–97.9%) | 0.66 (0.41–1.10) | 0.10 | 0.71 (0.43–1.18) | 0.18 |
| Recent ex | 69 (95.8%, 88.5–98.6%) | 0.60 (0.22–2.40) | 0.39 | 0.55 (0.20–2.23) | 0.32 |
| Current smoker | 452 (96.4%, 94.3–97.7%) | 0.67 (0.39–1.18) | 0.15 | 0.65 (0.37–1.17) | 0.14 |
| E‐cigarette use | |||||
| No current use | 2899 (97.1%, 96.4–97.6%) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use | 188 (97.9%, 94.8–99.2%) | 1.64 (0.67–5.48) | 0.34 | 2.00 (0.79–6.83) | 0.20 |
| NRT use | |||||
| No current use | 3002 (97.1%, 96.5–97.7%) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use | 85 (96.6%, 90.5–98.8%) | 1.11 (0.37–5.59) | 0.87 | 1.40 (0.45–7.21) | 0.62 |
| Before eating | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 1583 (87.7%, 86.2–89.2%) | – | – | – | – |
| Long‐term ex | 720 (86.3%, 83.8–88.5%) | 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | 0.27 | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 0.33 |
| Recent ex | 62 (86.1%, 76.3–92.3%) | 1.03 (0.55–2.13) | 0.94 | 0.94 (0.50–1.98) | 0.87 |
| Current smoker | 407 (86.8%, 83.4–89.5%) | 0.98 (0.74–1.32) | 0.91 | 0.94 (0.70–1.28) | 0.71 |
| E‐cigarette use | |||||
| No current use | 2604 (87.2%, 85.9–88.3%) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use | 168 (87.5%, 82.1–91.5%) | 1.20 (0.79–1.90) | 0.42 | 1.22 (0.78–1.98) | 0.40 |
| NRT use | |||||
| No current use | 2698 (87.3%, 86.1–88.4%) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use | 74 (84.1%, 75.0–90.3%) | 1.06 (0.59–2.09) | 0.86 | 1.10 (0.59–2.21) | 0.78 |
| Before touching face | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 1316 (72.9%, 70.9–74.9%) | – | – | – | – |
| Long‐term ex | 576 (69.1%, 65.8–72.1%) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.19 | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.11 |
| Recent ex | 42 (58.3%, 46.8–69.0%) | 0.55 (0.36–0.87) | < 0.01 | 0.57 (0.37–0.91) | .02 |
| Current smoker | 334 (71.2%, 67.0–75.1%) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.28 | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 0.54 |
| E‐cigarette use | |||||
| No current use | 2128 (71.2%, 69.6–72.8%) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use | 140 (72.9%, 66.2–78.7%) | 1.12 (0.83–1.53) | 0.47 | 1.30 (0.94–1.81) | 0.12 |
| NRT use 0 | |||||
| No current use | 2204 (71.3%, 69.7–72.9%) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use | 64 (72.7%, 62.6–80.9%) | 1.02 (0.66–1.63) | 0.92 | 1.12 (0.71–1.82) | 0.63 |
CI = confidence interval; NRT = nicotine replacement therapy; aOR = adjusted odds ratio; unOR = unadjusted odds ratio. Adjusted analyses included terms for SES, sex, age and region. In addition, smoking status was added as a covariate when estimating associations between the outcome and e‐cigarette use and NRT use.