Table 1.
Cranial findings in fetuses with myelomeningocele
| Intracranial findings | Name of first author | GA at examination (weeks) | n/N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Funnelling of posterior fossaa | D'Addario, 2008 | 18–28 | 47/49 (96) |
| Small transcerebellar diameter (TCD)b | Cuppen, 2015 | 16–26 | 42/51 (82) |
| D'Addario, 2008 | 18–28 | 47/49 (96) | |
| Banana signc | Appasamy, 2006 | 16–23 | 6/12 (50) |
| Bahlmann, 2015 | 18–23 | 608/627 (97) | |
| D'Addario, 2008 | 18–28 | 46/49 (94) | |
| Fleurke‐Rozema, 2014 | 18–24 | 16/16 (100) | |
| Ghi, 2006 | 20.3 (mean) | 53/53 (100) | |
| Munoz, 2019 | 19.2 (mean) | 40/45 (89) | |
| Ramin, 2002 | 19–22 | 24/33 (73) | |
| Abnormal shape of midbraind | Callen, 2009 | 17–24 | 46/71 (65) |
| Lemon signe | Appasamy, 2006 | 16–23 | 7/12 (53) |
| Bahlmann, 2015 | 18–23 | 549/627 (88) | |
| D'Addario, 2008 | 18–28 | 29/46 (53) | |
| Fleurke‐Rozema, 2014 | 18–24 | 57/71 (80) | |
| Ghi, 2006 | 20.3 (mean) | 53/53 (100) | |
| Munoz, 2019 | 19.2 (mean) | 41/45 (91) | |
| Ramin, 2002 | 19–22 | 30/33 (91) | |
| Small biparietal diameter (BPD)f | Bahlmann, 2015 (<5th centile) | 18–23 | 335/627 (53) |
| Small head circumference (HC)g | Bahlmann, 2015 (<5th centile) | 18–23 | 442/627 (71) |
| Perinodular heterotopiah | Maurice, 2020 | 20–26 | 8/70 (11) |
| Gyration disordersi | Maurice, 2020 | 20–26 | 2/70 (3) |
| Abnormal corpus callosumj | Maurice, 2020 | 20–26 | 42/70 (60) |
| Ventriculomegalyk | Appasamy, 2006 | 16–23 | 7/12 (58) |
| Bahlmann, 2015 | 18–23 | 282/627 (45) | |
| Cuppen, 2015 | 16–26 | 39/74 (53) | |
| D'Addario, 2008 | 18–28 | 40/49 (82) | |
| Fleurke‐Rozema, 2014 | 18–24 | 41/71 (58) | |
| Ghi, 2006 | 20.3 (mean) | 34/53 (64) | |
| Maurice, 2020 | 20–26 | 39/70 (56) | |
| Munoz, 2019 | 19.2 (mean) | 40/45 (89) | |
| Oliver, 2019 | 18–25 | 232/350) (66) | |
| Ramin, 2002 | 19–22 | 25/33 (76) | |
| Abnormal shape of lateral ventriclel | Callen, 2008 | 17–24 | 49/63 (78) |
| Wax, 2009 | 19.2 (mean) | 17/22 (77) | |
| Abnormal position of lateral ventriclem | Filly, 2010 | 18–26 | 25/25 (100) |
| Interhemispheric arachnoid cystn | Wong, 2009 | 17–24 | 30/71 (42) |
aClivus–supraocciput angle <72°; bTCD <10th percentile according to gestational age; canterior curvature of cerebellum; dbeaked, elongated tectum of midbrain; escalloping of frontal bones; fBPD <3rd or <5th percentile according to gestational age; gHC <3rd or <5th percentile according to gestational age; hperinodular or subependymal heterotopia; igyration disorders; jabnormal corpus callosum, anomalies of the corpus callosum, i.e. absent, incomplete, short or stretched corpus callosum; kmaximum atrial width of ≥10 mm; lpointed occipital horn of lateral ventricle; mshort distance from posterior edge of occipital horn to inner edge of occipital bone; ninterhemispheric cyst, pineal cysts and cavum veli interpositi.