Table 2.
Body satisfaction, mindful eating, BMI, disordered eating, and muscle-enhancing behaviors by yoga practice (n=1555)
| Unadjusted results | Adjusted results1 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoga Practice | ES2 | p-value | Yoga practice | ES2 | p-value | |||
| No (n=1345) Unadjusted Mean (SE) or % (n) |
Yes (n=210) Unadjusted Mean (SE) or % (n) |
No (n=1285) Adjusted Mean (SE) or % (n) |
Yes (n=198) Adjusted Mean (SE) or % (n) |
|||||
| Body satisfaction (range: 13-65) | 42.2 (0.36) | 43.9 (0.89) | 0.14 | 0.070 | 42.2 (.32) | 42.9 (.96) | 0.06 | 0.485 |
| Mindful eating (range: 4-16) |
11.6 (0.06) | 12.2 (0.13) | 0.29 | <0.001 | 11.7 (.06) | 12.1 (.14) | 0.19 | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (0.20) | 25.5 (0.44) | −0.27 | <0.001 | 27.4 (.20) | 25.6 (.45) | −0.26 | <.001 |
| Extreme unhealthy weight control behaviors | 12.8% (177) | 12.4% (25) | −0.01 | 0.902 | 11.0% (172) | 10.4% (24) | −0.02 | 0.804 |
| Less extreme unhealthy weight control behaviors | 50.5% (671) | 56.8% (118) | 0.13 | 0.100 | 51.8% (650) | 62.3% (112) | 0.21 | 0.011 |
| Binge eating | 11.5% (159) | 12.6% (28) | 0.03 | 0.629 | 9.9% (151) | 10.7% (27) | 0.03 | 0.704 |
| Steroid use | 1.3% (14) | 5.2% (10) | 0.23 | <.001 | 0.7% (11) | 3.8% (9) | 0.22 | <.001 |
| Protein powder/shakes | 26.1% (338) | 33.1% (66) | 0.15 | 0.044 | 25.3% (331) | 35.1% (63) | 0.21 | 0.010 |
1
Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity/race, socio-economic status, and BMI, except when examining associations with BMI; then estimates are only adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics.
2
ES (effect size) provides a comparable measure of magnitude across outcomes. It is calculated as the standardized mean difference Cohen’s d (for continuous outcomes) and a scaled difference in proportions Cohen’s h (for dichotomous outcomes).