Table 1.
Characteristics of external validation studies on orthopedic surgical outcome prediction (n = 18)
| First author publication year, | Disease condition | Operation | ML model | Prospective database | Output | Input predictors | Number of patients | Adherence to aguideline |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson, 2020 | Pathological fractures | nos | BBN | no | Survival | Clinical | 197 | TRIPOD |
| Bongers, 2019 | Extracranial chondrosarcoma | nos | BPM | no | Survival | Clinical | 179 | none |
| Bongers, 2020a | Extracranial chondrosarcoma | nos | BPM | no | Survival | Clinical | 464 | TRIPOD |
| Bongers, 2020b | Bone metastases (spine) | nos | SGB | no | Survival | Clinical | 200 | TRIPOD |
| Forsberg, 2012 | Bone metastases (extremities) | nos | BBN | no | Survival | Clinical | 815 | none |
| Forsberg, 2017 | Bone metastases | nos | BBN | no | Survival | Clinical | 815 | TRIPOD |
| Harris, 2019 | nos | Elective TJA | LASSO | no | Survival, complications | Clinical | 70,569 | none |
| Huang, 2019 | Non-metastatic chondrosarcoma | nos | LASSO | no | Survival | Clinical, surgical | 72 | none |
| Jo, 2020 | nos | TKA | GBM | no | Transfusion | Clinical, surgical | 400 | none |
| Karhade, 2020 | Bone metastases (spine) | nos | SGB | no | Survival | Clinical | 176 | TRIPOD |
| Ko, 2020 | nos | TKA | GBM | no | Acute kidney injury | Clinical, surgical | 455 | none |
| Meares, 2019 | Bone metastases (femoral) | nos | BBN | no | Survival | Clinical | 114 | none |
| Ogura, 2017 | Bone metastases | nos | BBN | no | Survival | Clinical | 261 | none |
| Overmann, 2020 | Bone metastases (extremities) | nos | BBN | no | Survival | Clinical | 815 | none |
| Piccioli, 2015 | Bone metastases | nos | BBN | no | Survival | Clinical | 287 | none |
| Ramkumar, 2019a | Osteoarthritis | THA | ANN | no | LOS; discharge disposition | Clinical | 2,771 | none |
| Ramkumar, 2019b | Osteoarthritis | TKA | ANN | no | LOS; discharge disposition | Clinical | 4,017 | none |
| Stopa, 2019 | Lumbar disc disorder | Decompression or fusion | NN | no | Nonhome discharge | Clinical, surgical | 144 | TRIPOD |
ML = machine learning; nos = not otherwise specified; TJA = total joint arthroplasty; TKA = total knee arthroplasty; THA = total hip arthroplasty; BBN = Bayesian Belief Network; NN = neural network; BPM = Bayes Point Machine; SGB = Stochastic Gradient Boosting; LASSO = least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; GBM = gradient boosting machine; LOS = length of stay; TRIPOD = Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis.