Table 2.
Characteristics of hospital setting and years of enrollment from external validation and corresponding developmental studies
| Model or institution | Authors’ development and validation the same | First author, publication | Country | Tertiary | Hospitals | Registry | Years of year enrollment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cleveland | Validation | yes | Ramkumar, 2019a | USA | mixed | 11 | no | 2016–2018 |
| Development | Same | USA | mixed | multiple | NIS | 2009–2011 | ||
| Cleveland | Validation | yes | Ramkumar, 2019b | USA | mixed | 11 | no | 2016–2018 |
| Development | Same | USA | mixed | multiple | NIS | 2009–2013 | ||
| BETS/PATHFx 1.0 | Validation | yes | Forsberg, 2012 | Scandinavia | yes | 8 | no | 1999–2009 |
| Development | Forsberg, 2011 | USA | yes | 1 | no | 1999–2003 | ||
| PATHFx 1.0 | Validation | yes | Piccioli, 2015 | Italy | yes | 13 | no | 2010–2013 |
| Development | Forsberg, 2011 | USA | yes | 1 | no | 1999–2003 | ||
| PATHFx 1.0 | Validation | yes | Forsberg, 2017 | Scandinavia | yes | 8 | no | 1999–2009 |
| Development | Same | USA | yes | 1 | no | 1999–2003 | ||
| PATHFx 1.0 | Validation | yes | Ogura, 2017 | Japan | yes | 5 | no | 2009–2015 |
| Validation | no | Meares, 2019 | Australia | unknown | 1 | no | 2003–2014 | |
| Development | Forsberg, 2011/2017 | USA | yes | 1 | no | 1999–2003 | ||
| PATHFx 2.0 | Validation | yes | Overmann, 2020 | Scandinavia | yes | 8 | no | 1999–2009 |
| Development | Same | USA | yes | 1 | no | 1999-2003 | ||
| PATHFx 3.0 | Validation | yes | Anderson, 2020 | Multinational | yes | multiple | IBMRa | 2016–2018 |
| Development | Same | USA | yes | 1 | no | 1999–2003, | ||
| 2015–2018 | ||||||||
| SafeTKA | Validation | yes | Jo, 2020 | unknown | unknown | 1 | no | unknown |
| Development | Same | South-Korea | yes | 1 | no | 2012–2018 | ||
| SafeTKA | Validation | yes | Ko, 2020 | South-Korea | yes | 1 | no | 2018–2019 |
| Development | Same | South-Korea | yes | 2 | no | 2012–2019 | ||
| SORG | Validation | yes | Bongers, 2019 | USA | yes | 2 | no | 1992–2013 |
| Development | Thio, 2018 | USA | mixed | multiple | SEER | 2000–2010 | ||
| SORG | Validation | yes | Bongers, 2020a | Italy | yes | 1 | no | 2000–2014 |
| Validation | yes | Karhade, 2020 | USA | yes | 1 | no | 2003–2016 | |
| Development | Karhade, 2020 | USA | yes | 2 | no | 2000–2016 | ||
| SORG | Validation | yes | Bongers, 2020b | USA | yes | 1 | no | 2014–2016 |
| Validation | yes | Stopa, 2019 | USA | yes | 1 | no | 2013–2015 | |
| Development | Karhade, 2018 | USA | mixed | multiple | NSQIP | 2011–2016 | ||
| Stanford | Validation | yes | Harris, 2019 | USA | mixed | multiple | VASQIP | 2005–2013 |
| Development | Same | USA | mixed | multiple | NSQIP | 2013–2014 | ||
| Zhengzhou | Validation | yes | Huang, 2019 | China | yes | 1 | no | 2011–2016 |
| Development | Same | USA | mixed | multiple | SEER | 2005–2014 |
BETS = Bayesian Estimated Tools for Survival; SORG = Spinal Oncology Research Group; NSQIP = National Surgical Quality Improvement Program; SEER = Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results; IBMR = International Bone Metastasis Registry; NIS = National Inpatient Sample; VASQIP = Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program.
aThis study also included an external validation on a second registry cohort of 192 patients from the Military Health System Data Repository.