Table 5.
Multinomial logistic regression for having a single chronic disease and multimorbidity.
| Urban | Rural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 vs. 1 | 0 vs. ≥2 | 0 vs. 1 | 0 vs. ≥2 | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Personal characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (ref. 60 ~ ) | ||||||||
| 70~ | 1.47 | (1.10–1.97)* | 2.07 | (1.52–2.80)*** | 1.57 | (1.21–2.03)** | 1.64 | (1.26–2.12)*** |
| 80~ | 1.15 | (0.70–1.90) | 2.64 | (1.65–4.24) | 1.36 | (0.83–2.21) | 2.60 | (1.69–4.00) |
| Family history of genetics (ref. No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 6.53 | (2.79–15.28)*** | 13.53 | (5.91–30.98)*** | 5.47 | (2.40–12.50) | 7.98 | (3.61–17.66)*** |
| BMI (ref. Normal) | ||||||||
| Underweight | 0.99 | (0.65–1.53) | 1.40 | (0.92–2.13) | 0.96 | (0.68–1.37) | 0.89 | (0.64–1.26) |
| Overweight | 1.84 | (1.38–2.44)*** | 1.69 | (1.25–2.30)** | 1.43 | (1.09–1.88) | 1.23 | (0.95–1.61) |
| Behavioral characteristics | ||||||||
| Frequency of fresh fruit consumption (ref. Eat almost every day) | ||||||||
| Other | 1.14 | (0.87–1.48) | 1.37 | (1.04–1.82)* | 1.39 | (1.05–1.84)* | 1.31 | (0.99–1.72) |
| Smoking status (ref. Never) | ||||||||
| Smoking | 1.07 | (0.72–1.58) | 1.03 | (0.68–1.54) | 1.02 | (0.71–1.44) | 0.81 | (0.57–1.15) |
| Quit smoking | 2.42 | (1.53–3.82)*** | 1.87 | (1.15–3.02)* | 2.43 | (1.52–3.90)*** | 2.06 | (1.29–3.29)** |
| Drinking status (ref. Never) | ||||||||
| Drinking | 1.07 | (0.72–1.57) | 1.39 | (0.93–2.07) | 0.90 | (0.62–1.31) | 0.80 | (0.55–1.17) |
| Quit drinking | 1.94 | (1.17–3.19)* | 2.22 | (1.33–3.71)** | 2.89 | (1.67–5.00)*** | 2.98 | (1.74–5.09)*** |
| Sleep quality (ref. Good) | ||||||||
| Poor | 1.27 | (0.88–1.82) | 1.69 | (1.19–2.40) | 2.11 | (1.53–2.91)*** | 2.15 | (1.59–2.92)*** |
| Anxiety (ref. No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.99 | (0.73–1.34) | 1.65 | (1.22–2.23)** | 0.85 | (0.65–1.11) | 2.09 | (1.63–2.68)*** |
| Marital status (ref. Other) | ||||||||
| Married | 0.65 | (0.46–0.91) | 0.99 | (0.68–1.43) | 1.24 | (0.92–1.55) | 0.94 | (0.71–1.24) |
| Empty nest status (ref. Non–empty nest) | ||||||||
| No children | 0.26 | (0.09–0.79)* | 0.30 | (0.10–0.96)* | 0.42 | (0.14–1.23) | 0.38 | (0.14–1.07) |
| Empty nest | 1.49 | (1.15–1.94)** | 1.20 | (0.91–1.59) | 1.20 | (0.94–1.53) | 1.29 | (1.01–1.64)* |
| Working and living environment | ||||||||
| Educational level (ref. Higher education and above) | ||||||||
| Elementary education and below | 1.40 | (0.92–2.14) | 1.72 | (1.10–2.69)* | 5.33 | (2.09–13.59)*** | 2.55 | (1.20–5.41)* |
| Secondary education | 1.31 | (0.89–1.92) | 1.27 | (0.84–1.94) | 3.21 | (1.25–8.24)* | 1.97 | (0.92–4.20) |
*
P < 0.05,
**
P < 0.01,
***
P < 0.001.