Table 1.
Differences in COVID-19 Patients Characteristics Between Hypoalbuminemia and Normal Albumin Group
| Indicators | Total (n=482) | Albumin | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albumin≥35 (n=223,46.3%) | Albumin<35 (n=259,53.7%) | |||
| Age, median (IQR) | 56(39–67) | 44(34–63) | 64(49–69) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 243(50.4%) | 97(43.5%) | 146(56.4%) | 0.0060 |
| Female | 239(49.6%) | 126(56.5%) | 113(43.6%) | |
| Severity | ||||
| Nonsevere | 294(61.0%) | 186(83.4%) | 108(41.7%) | <0.001 |
| Severe | 188(39.0%) | 37(16.6%) | 151(58.3%) | |
| Hospital stays, median (IQR) days | 13(10–17) | 13(10–16) | 13(10–18) | 0.3000 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 122(25.3%) | 49(22.1%) | 73(28.1%) | 0.1310 |
| Diabetes | 72(14.9%) | 24(10.8%) | 48(18.5%) | 0.0190 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 37(7.7%) | 13(5.9%) | 24(9.2%) | 0.1650 |
| COPD | 18(3.7%) | 8(3.60%) | 10(3.9%) | 0.889 |
| Malignancy | 15(3.1%) | 4(1.80%) | 11(4.2%) | 0.1260 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 15(3.1%) | 7(3.17%) | 8(3.1%) | 0.9610 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 424(88.0%) | 182(81.6%) | 242(93.4%) | <0.001 |
| Rigor | 58(12.0%) | 22(9.9%) | 36(13.9%) | 0.1750 |
| Cough | 289(60.0%) | 130(58.3%) | 159(61.4%) | 0.4890 |
| Chest distress or pain | 145(30.1) | 69(30.9%) | 76(29.3%) | 0.7030 |
| Dyspnea | 82(17.0%) | 26(11.7%) | 56(21.6%) | 0.0040 |
| Fatigue | 159(33.0%) | 69(30.9%) | 90(34.8%) | 0.4110 |
| Myalgia | 193(40.0%) | 57(25.6%) | 136(52.5%) | <0.001 |
| Nausea | 28(5.8%) | 9(4.1%) | 19(7.3%) | 0.1280 |
| Vomiting | 27(5.6%) | 10(4.5%) | 17(6.6%) | 0.3340 |
| Diarrhea | 129(26.8%) | 54(24.2%) | 75(29.0%) | 0.2410 |
| Complications | ||||
| ARDS | 44(9.1%) | 1(0.5%) | 43(16.5%) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 47(9.8%) | 16(7.2%) | 31(11.9%) | 0.0820 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 7(1.5%) | 3(1.4%) | 4(1.5%) | 1.0000 |
| DIC | 1(0.2%) | 0(0%) | 1(0.4%) | 1.0000 |
| Pulmonary CT presentation on admission | ||||
| With signs of viral pneumonia | 475(98.5%) | 217(97.3%) | 257(99.2%) | 0.2560 |
| No obvious abnormalities | 7(1.5%) | 6(3.7%) | 2(0.8%) | |
| Discharge status | ||||
| Chest CT normal or fibrosis | 49(10.2%) | 40(18.0%) | 9(3.5%) | <0.001 |
| Chest CT improvement | 330(68.8%) | 167(75.2%) | 163(62.7%) | <0.001 |
| CRP normal | 187(38.8%) | 113(50.9%) | 74(28.46%) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count normal | 338(70.1%) | 208(93.69%) | 130(50%) | <0.001 |
| Treatment after admission | ||||
| Antiviral | 472(97.9%) | 215(96.85%) | 257(98.85%) | 0.1980 |
| Antibiotic | 436(90.5%) | 194(87.39%) | 242(93.08%) | 0.0340 |
| Corticosteroid | 179(37.1%) | 37(16.67%) | 142(54.62%) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 66(13.7%) | 26(11.71%) | 40(15.38%) | 0.2420 |
| Clinical outcome | ||||
| Discharged | 418(86.7%) | 221(99.10%) | 197(76.15%) | <0.001 |
| Died | 64(13.3%) | 2(0.9%) | 62(23.85%) | |
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IQR, interquartile range; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; DIC, diffuse intravascular coagulation; CRP, C-reactive protein.