Table 2.
Candidate variables affecting the association of SCT with COVID-19 positivity and mortality in Black individuals of the UK Biobank
| Variables | SCT carriers | SCT carriers with COVID-19 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19-positive (N = 14) | COVID-19- negative (N = 57) | OR (95% CI) | P value | Died of COVID-19 (N = 4) | Remained alive (N = 10) | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 64.37 (8.05) | 64.26 (8.66) | 1 (0.93–1.07) | 0.97 | 73.86 (4.66) | 60.57 (5.5) | 1.98 (1.11–11.62) | 0.009 |
| Sex, no. of females | 8 (57.1%) | 46 (80.7%) | 0.32 (0.08–1.38) | 0.08 | 4 (100%) | 4 (40%) | 0.17 (0–1.66) | 0.08 |
| Smoking, current/ previous | 2 (14.3%) | 18 (31.6%) | 0.36 (0.04–1.87) | 0.32 | 1 (25%) | 1 (10%) | 2.68 (0.03–238.74) | 0.50 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 30.09 (4.85) | 29.99 (4.8) | 1 (0.88–1.14) | 0.94 | 32.4 (3.34) | 29.06 (5.22) | 1.15 (0.89–1.56) | 0.33 |
| Genetic factors | ||||||||
| APOE, ε4-positive, n | 3 (21.4%) | 19 (33.3%) | 0.62 (0.10–2.88) | 0.74 | 2 (50%) | 1 (10%) | 9.84 (0.35–770.19) | 0.12 |
| ABO, type O, n | 7 (50%) | 28 (49.1%) | 1.04 (0.31–3.52) | > 0.99 | 1 (25%) | 6 (60%) | 0.37 (0.00–9.28) | 0.57 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Diabetes, n | 4 (28.6%) | 7 (12.3%) | 2.81 (0.51–13.80) | 0.21 | 4 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 90.71 (5.66–inf) | 4.70E-04 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30), n | 6 (42.9%) | 28 (49.1%) | 0.86 (0.26–2.87) | > 0.99 | 3 (75%) | 3 (30%) | 4.94 (0.29–312.26) | 0.26 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n | 2 (14.3%) | 9 (15.8%) | 0.89 (0.08–5.19) | > 0.99 | 0 (0%) | 2 (20%) | 1.04 (0–14.58) | > 0.99 |
| Hypertension, n | 10 (71.4%) | 32 (56.1%) | 1.94 (0.48–9.48) | 0.37 | 4 (100%) | 6 (60%) | 2.95 (0.28–inf) | 0.24 |
| Cancer diagnosis, n | 0 (0%) | 8 (14%) | 0 (0.00–2.36) | 0.34 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Stroke, n | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0.00–158.40) | > 0.99 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
APOE = apolipoprotein E; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; inf = infinite; OR = odds ratio; SCT = sickle cell trait; SD = standard deviation. The analysis of variance test was used for continuous variables. Fisher’s exact test was used when the expected number of subjects in any cell was < 5.