Table 3.
Laboratory parameters of coronavirus disease 2019 cases and severity outcome in Asia
| Laboratory parameters | Country | Severity | P value* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (n = 30) | Indonesia (n = 8) | India (n = 33) | Japan (n = 21) | Malaysia (n = 19) | Pakistan (n = 19) | Singapore (n = 130) | Mild/moderate (n = 230) | Severe/critical (n = 26) | ||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.1 (11.5–14.2) | 13.0 (10.1–13.6) | 10.8 (10.2–11.9) | 12.8 (12.5–12.9) | 12.8 (11.3–15.5) | 9.3 (8.2, 11.4) | 13.1 (12.4, 13.9) | 13 (12.4, 13.8) | 9.5 (8.6, 11.4) | < 0.001 |
| WBC, ×109 cells/L | 6.2 (5.0– 8.2) | 8.4 (4.9–14.6) | 11.8 (5.4–23.3) | 5.9 (5–10.8) | 9.5 (8.6, 11.5) | 10.3 (6.3, 15.6) | 7.8 (6.4, 9.8) | 7.6 (6.0, 10.0) | 9.8 (6.3, 18.9) | 0.053 |
| Lymphocyte, ×109/L | 2.7 (2.0– 3.5) | 3.0 (2.5–3.9) | 4.9 (4.8–5.1) | 2.9 (2.5–7.6) | 4.0 (2.7–5.2) | 2.7 (1.3–5.7) | 3.3 (2.5–5.525) | 3.2 (2.5–4.7) | 4.3 (1.6–5.7) | 0.744 |
| Neutrophil, ×109/L | 2.1 (2.0– 2.6) | 4.8 (3.8–9.9) | 15.0 (1.6–15.2) | 2.2 (1.7–2.2) | 4.3 (1.6–6.8) | 5.7 (4.6–10.6) | 3.0 (2.2–4.1) | 2.9 (2.1–4.2) | 5.2 (3.5–8.3) | < 0.001 |
| Platelets, ×109/L | 257 (227– 298) | 336 (290–412) | 139 (117–347) | 254 (198–300) | 278 (196–345) | 233 (103–338) | 334 (282–380) | 318 (247–372) | 295 (103–394) | 0.249 |
| APTT, s | 26 (22.7–34.3) | 34.7 (32.4–37.4) | 32 (29.5–39.6) | 35 (33.8–36.7) | 29.6 (29.6–29.6) | 28.8 (26.6–36.7) | 41.8 (41.8–41.8) | 33.5 (28.8–36.7) | 29.7 (26.9–40.4) | 0.700 |
| PT, s | 11.1 (10.8–11.6) | 14 (13–14.5) | 15 (14.4–15.5) | Not reported | 10.6 (10.6–10.6) | 13.2 (12.6–14.7) | 13.5 (13.5–13.5) | 13.3 (11.6–14.4) | 13 (12.6–17.6) | 0.457 |
| INR | 0.96 (0.93–1) | 1 (0.915–1.11) | 1.04 (0.97–1.2) | 1.02 (1.02–1.04) | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.09 (1.09–1.09) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.2 (1.2–1.7) | 0.004 |
| Total protein, g/dL | 8.6 (6–8.7) | Not reported | 6.1 (4.4–6.5) | 6.9 (6.8–6.9) | 7.6 (7.6–7.6) | Not reported | 7.4 (7–7.8) | 7.4 (7.0–7.8) | 6.9 (5.7–7.2) | 0.168 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.8 (4.5–5.2) | Not reported | 3.8 (2.6–4.4) | 4.4 (4.4–4.6) | 3.9 (3.9–4.2) | 3.2 (2.4–3.4) | 4.1 (3.9–4.4) | 4.1 (3.9–4.4) | 3.4 (2.4–4.1) | 0.002 |
| Bilirubin, μmol/L | 10.8 (5.3–13.7) | Not reported | 0.6 (0.3–0.8) | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 4.7 (3.7–6.5) | 6.8 (1.91–11.1) | 6 (5–8) | 6 (4–8) | 9.1 (3.4–12.0) | 0.406 |
| AST, U/L | 47 (22–48) | 24 (19–28) | 26.35 (21–35) | 43 (39–43) | 38 (22–59) | 37.5 (28–122) | 27 (21–35) | 27 (21–37) | 32 (21–39) | 0.665 |
| ALT, U/L | 38 (33–55) | 31 (25–44) | 17.2 (9–50) | 19 (17–20) | 25 (16.5–41) | 41 (23.5–61) | 16 (13–21) | 16.5 (13–22) | 35.9 (20–56) | 0.002 |
| Urea, mmol/L | 5.1 (1.3–8.3) | 1.15 (1.1–1.2) | 1.4 (0.8–1.6) | 1.6 (0.8–5.1) | 5.3 (5.1–6.6) | 0.0 (3.6–8.9) | 3.45 (2.7–4.1) | 3.4 (1.4–5.1) | 4.0 (1.1–8.9) | 0.708 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 137 (135–138) | 145 (141–145) | 141 (139–143) | 138 (137–138) | 140 (138–140) | 136 (132–140) | 141 (140–142) | 139 (137–142) | 138.7 (133–143) | 0.950 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 5.72 (5.6–5.9) | 4.6 (4.4–5.1) | 4.0 (3.2–4.5) | 4.3 (4–4.4) | 3.7 (3.7–3.9) | 3.6 (3.3–3.8) | 4.3 (4–4.7) | 4.3 (3.8–4.6) | 3.7 (3.3–3.9) | 0.006 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 39.5 (23.4–50.1) | 48 (48–49.5) | 33 (22–40.5) | 21 (21–25) | 42.9 (35–44.1) | 44.1 (35.4–106) | 28 (20–47) | 35 (26.52 to 48) | 37.4 (26–106) | 0.463 |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.0 (0.1–4.5) | 5.0 (5.0–5.0) | 0.4 (0.2–20.9) | 3.2 (1.8–4.1) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 179.1 (163.3–192.0) | 1.2 (1.0–2.3) | 1.6 (0.2–5.0) | 116.0 (0.5–179.1) | 0.034 |
ALT = alanine transaminase; APTT = activated thromboplastin time; AST = aspartate transaminase; CRP = C-reactive protein; INR = international normalized ratio; PT = prothrombin time; WBC = white blood cell count. Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range).
*
The P value shows the differences between the two severity groups.