Table 4.
Outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Asia
| Outcomes | Country | Severity | P value* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (n = 30) | Indonesia (n = 8) | India (n = 33) | Japan (n = 21) | Malaysia (n = 19) | Pakistan (n = 19) | Singapore (n = 130) | Mild/moderate (n = 230) | Severe/critical (n = 26) | ||
| Severity | ||||||||||
| Mild | 29 (96.7) | 5 (62.5) | 24 (77.4) | 20 (95.2) | 18 (94.7) | 4 (22.2) | 128 (99.2) | |||
| Moderate | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Severe | 1 (3.3) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (9.7) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (5.3) | 12 (66.7) | 1 (0.8) | |||
| Critical | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Oxygen therapy | 1 (20.0) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (9.4) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (55.6) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (92.9) | < 0.001 |
| HFNC | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 3 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0.005 |
| CPAP | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.1) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 0.077 |
| BiPAP | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 02 (10.5) | 0.007 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (24.0) | < 0.001 |
| Organ dysfunction | ||||||||||
| Cardiovascular | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (20.0) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary | 0 (0.0) | 2 (25.0) | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (48.0) | < 0.001 |
| Neurological | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | 3 (12.0) | 0.007 |
| Hepatic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (1.6) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (4.0) | 0.267 |
| Renal | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (16.0) | 0.000 |
| Hematological | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 5 (27.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (16.0) | 0.001 |
| Hospital duration, d | 13 (9, 17) | 8 (7, 17) | 15 (11, 19) | 6.5 (5, 9) | 9 (8, 12) | 7 (4, 13) | 11 (8, 20) | 11 (8, 19) | 8 (6, 12) | 0.014 |
| Highest inpatient status | ||||||||||
| General ward | 3 (60.0) | 7 (87.5) | 26 (78.8) | 10 (90.9) | 17 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 130 (100) | 188 (97.4) | 4 (16.0) | < 0.001 |
| Intermediate care | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (9.1) | 1 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (12.0) | |
| ICU | 1 (20.0) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (12.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.1) | 18 (72.0) | |
| Mortality | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (27.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (25.0) | <0.001 |
BiPAP = bilevel positive airway pressure; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula; ICU = intensive care unit. Categorical variables are presented as count (percentage) and continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range).
*
The P value shows the differences between the two severity groups.