Table 2.
Task scores, NASA Task Load Index scores, and Likert scale questionnaire scores.
| Category | 2D CTa group, mean (SD) | 2D CT group, median (IQR) | 3D holographic group, mean (SD) | 3D holographic group, median (IQR) | P value | |
| Task score | ||||||
|
|
All participants | 74.09 (7.59) | 75 (68-80) | 91.98 (2.45) | 90 (90-95) | <.001 |
|
|
Radiologists | 82.63 (2.28) | 83 (80-85) | 93.60 (2.25) | 95 (90-95) | <.001 |
|
|
Surgeons | 74.55 (2.52) | 75 (75-75) | 91.50 (2.31) | 90 (90-95) | <.001 |
|
|
Medical students | 65.10 (2.61) | 65 (65-68) | 91.25 (2.18) | 90 (90-94) | <.001 |
| NASA Task Load Index scores | ||||||
|
|
Mental | 47.03 (5.71) | 50 (40-50) | 20.06 (2.85) | 20 (20-20) | <.001 |
|
|
Physical | 19.75 (1.09) | 20 (20-20) | 25.08 (0.64) | 25 (25-25) | <.001 |
|
|
Temporal | 63.11 (6.45) | 60 (60-70) | 40.31 (3.04) | 40 (40-40) | <.001 |
|
|
Performance | 26.17 (6.03) | 25 (20-30) | 10.08 (0.99) | 10 (10-10) | <.001 |
|
|
Effort | 69.92 (0.99) | 70 (70-70) | 69.92 (0.99) | 70 (70-70) | .99 |
|
|
Frustration | 29.22 (5.95) | 30 (25-35) | 14.58 (1.39) | 15 (15-15) | <.001 |
| Likert-scale questionnaire scores | ||||||
|
|
Effectiveness as teaching tool | 1.73 (0.51) | 2 (1-2) | 4.8 (0.40) | 5 (5-5) | <.001 |
|
|
Better understanding and communication | 1.1 (0.30) | 1 (1-1) | 4.83 (0.37) | 5 (5-5) | <.001 |
|
|
Increasing interest | 1.8 (0.4) | 2 (2-2) | 4.9 (0.3) | 5 (5-5) | <.001 |
|
|
Lowering the learning curve | 1.73 (0.51) | 2 (1-2) | 4.4 (0.49) | 4 (4-5) | <.001 |
|
|
Better spatial awareness | 1.6 (0.49) | 2 (1-2) | 4.93 (0.25) | 5 (5-5) | <.001 |
|
|
Learning is easier | 2.63 (0.55) | 3 (2-3) | 4.83 (0.37) | 5 (5-5) | <.001 |
aCT: computed tomography.