Table 1.
Characteristics of People with DRTB with Severe, Moderate and Mild Undernutrition in Uganda
| Characteristic | Total n (%) | Severe Undernutrition | Moderate Undernutrition | Mild Undernutrition | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level of hospital | <0.001 | ||||
| National referral hospital | 15 (5.4) | 9 (7.8) | 2 (2.9) | 4 (4.3) | |
| Regional Referral | 170 (61.6) | 52 (45.2) | 48 (69.6) | 70 (76.1) | |
| District hospital | 91 (33) | 54 (47.0) | 19 (27.5) | 18 (19.6) | |
| Residence | 0.764 | ||||
| Rural | 187 (70.8) | 76 (69.1) | 49 (74.2) | 62 (70.5) | |
| Urban | 77 (29.2) | 34 (30.9) | 17 (25.8) | 26 (29.5) | |
| Age, mean (SD) (Years) | 39.0 (14.0) | 37.0 (13) | 41.0 (13) | 39.0 (13) | 0.182 |
| Sex | 0.517 | ||||
| Male | 179 (64.9) | 75 (65.2) | 48 (69.6) | 56 (60.9) | |
| Female | 97 (35.1) | 40 (34.8) | 21 (30.4) | 36 (39.1) | |
| Nature of Employment | 0.066 | ||||
| Unemployed | 112 (41.8) | 55 (49.5) | 26 (38.8) | 31 (34.4) | |
| Self employed | 121 (45.1) | 47 (42.3) | 33 (49.3) | 41 (45.6) | |
| Employed | 35 (13.1) | 9 (8.1) | 8 (11.9) | 18 (20.0) | |
| Married | 144 (53.3) | 55 (48.2) | 38 (57.6) | 51 (56.7) | 0.260 |
| Alcohol use | 103 (42.9) | 40 (38.8) | 32 (31.1) | 31 (30.1) | 0.274 |
| Cigarette use | 49 (20.4) | 13 (26.5) | 21 (42.9) | 15 (30.6) | 0.005 |
| History of TB treatment | 164 (59.4) | 73 (63.5) | 46 (66.7) | 45 (48.9) | 0.039 |
| HIV co-infection | 145 (52.5) | 53 (46.1) | 37 (53.6) | 55 (59.8) | 0.143 |
| Diabetes | 20 (29) | 6 (27.3) | 10 (41.7) | 4 (17.4) | 0.182 |
| Hypertension | 7 (4.7) | 2 (3.3) | 2 (5.4) | 3 (5.8) | 0.798 |
| Cancer | 5 (1.8) | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.2) | 0.941 |
| Hearing Impairment | 74 (31.3) | 24 (24.5) | 21 (34.5) | 29 (37.2) | 0.358 |
| Type of DRTB at baseline | 0.298 | ||||
| Rifampicin resistant | 159 (57.6) | 65 (56.5) | 35 (50.7) | 59 (64.1) | |
| MDRTB | 109 (39.5) | 48 (41.7) | 30 (43.5) | 31 (33.7) | |
| Pre-XDRTB | 4 (1.4) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Poly resistant TB | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Mono resistant TB (other than rifampicin) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| DST profile at baseline | |||||
| Rifampicin | 275 (99.6) | 114 (99.1) | 69 (100) | 92 (100) | 0.495 |
| Isoniazid | 119 (43.1) | 58 (50.4) | 29 (42.0) | 32 (34.8) | 0.160 |
| Pyrazinamide | 8 (2.9) | 6 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.2) | 0.153 |
| Ethambutol | 65 (23.6) | 37 (32.2) | 13 (18.8) | 15 (16.3) | 0.026 |
| Streptomycin | 62 (22.5) | 32 (27.8) | 15 (21.7) | 15 (16.3) | 0.219 |
| Aminoglycoside | 4 (1.5) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (4.4) | 0 (0) | 0.063 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0.257 |
| Days from diagnosis to treatment, Median (IQR) | 6 (3, 18) | 5.5 (2, 10) | 7 (3, 25) | 6 (3, 18) | 0.067 |
| Months to culture conversion, Median (IQR) | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 2(1, 2) | 0.620 |
| Number of drugs in regimen, Mean (SD) | 6.1 (1.1) | 6.2 (1.1) | 6.0 (1.1) | 6.2 (1.2) | 0.436 |
| Drugs in treatment regimen | |||||
| Bedaquiline | 18 (6.5) | 7 (6.1) | 8 (11.6) | 3 (3.3) | 0.129 |
| Levofloxacin | 204 (73.9) | 86 (74.8) | 50 (72.5) | 68 (73.9) | 0.942 |
| Moxifloxacin | 71 (25.7) | 29 (25.2) | 18 (26.1) | 24 (26.1) | 0.987 |
| Kanamycin | 227 (82.3) | 98 (85.2) | 53 (76.8) | 76 (82.6) | 0.350 |
| Amikacin | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.495 |
| Capreomycin | 42 (15.2) | 11 (9.6) | 11 (15.9) | 20 (21.7) | 0.052 |
| Ethionamide | 270 (97.8) | 111 (96.5) | 68 (98.6) | 91 (98.9) | 0.577 |
| P-Amino salicylic acid | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0.721 |
| Clofazimine | 75 (27.2) | 31 (27.0) | 18 (26.1) | 26 (28.3) | 0.952 |
| Linezolid | 7 (2.5) | 3 (2.6) | 4 (5.8) | 0 (0) | 0.055 |
| High dose Isoniazid | 75 (27.2) | 31 (27.0) | 16 (23.2) | 28 (30.4) | 0.591 |
| Ethambutol | 77 (27.9) | 32 (27.8) | 16 (23.2) | 29 (31.5) | 0.506 |
| Pyrazinamide | 265 (96.0) | 108 (93.9) | 67 (97.1) | 90 (97.8) | 0.388 |
| Serum creatinine, Median (IQR) | 70.4 (54.3, 91.3) | 60.7 (44.2, 90.9) | 73.3 (59.2, 90.0) | 70 (63, 80) | 0.062 |
| Serum ALT, Median (IQR) | 19.5 (11.5, 41.3) | 18.2 (10.2, 45.0) | 19.5 (11.4, 39.2) | 21.0 (12.3, 39.0) | 0.710 |
| Serum AST, Median (IQR) | 38.3 (31.4, 54.7) | 37.0 (30.1, 55.0) | 42.1 (32.2, 73.8) | 36.4 (31.4, 52.5) | 0.151 |
| Serum GGT, Median (IQR) | 51.0 (31.0, 121.0) | 60 (31, 121) | 57.9 (37.9, 259.5) | 44 (30.5, 116.0) | 0.479 |
| Serum ALP, Median (IQR) | 154.0 (111.0, 254.5) | 151.5 (109, 204.3) | 149.5 (123.6, 306.7) | 166 (106, 254.5) | 0.694 |
| Serum bilirubin, Median (IQR) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.245 |
| Mean Hb, Mean (SD) | 12.6 (2.5) | 12.2 (2.5) | 12.1 (2.1) | 12.7 (2.5) | 0.104 |
Abbreviations: AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline aminotransferase; Hb, haemoglobin; MDRTB, Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis; XDRTB, extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.