Figure 1.

The mechanism of nucleic acid-mediated immune stimulation. The presence of naked mRNA/DNA from any source e.g. infectious organisms, diet or cellular DNA fragments, are sensed by a protein complex. Successive downstream signaling induces type-I interferon, which further stimulates the production of interferon stimulation genes (IGS). Abnormal expression of IGS might link to different immunological disorders (IDs). While second-generation mRNA vaccinations should be safer and may not strongly associated with this mechanism, long-term exposure to any nucleic acid in the form of vaccination may activate the nucleic acid-mediated immune sensing pathway, raising the risk of IDs