Table 2.
Factors associated with negative attitudes toward a future COVID-19 vaccine by gender (COCONEL 2020, N = 5,018)
| All (n = 5,018) |
Women (n = 2,635) |
Men (n = 2,383) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Row % | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | Row % | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | Row % | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | ||
| Gender | *** | ||||||
| Men | 20.6 | 0.77 [0.67;0.89]*** | |||||
| Women | 27.1 | –1– | |||||
| Date of survey | ** | ** | |||||
| 7–26 April | 22.6 | –1– | 25.0 | –1– | 20.0 | –1– | |
| 30 April – 04 May | 26.0 | 1.18 [1.03;1.36]* | 30.2 | 1.25 [1.03;1.50]* | 21.5 | 1.14 [0.92;1.41] | |
| Age | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| 18–24 | 33.1 | 1.08 [0.87;1.35] | 33,1 | 0.83 [0.62;1.10] | 30.1 | 1.66 [1.16;2.37]** | |
| 25–34 | 1.09 [0.90; 1.32] | 0.97 [0.75; 1.24] | 1.30 [0.97; 1.75] | ||||
| 35–54 | –1– | –1– | –1– | ||||
| 55–64 | 25.8 | 0.72 [0.58; 0.89]** | 25.8 | 0.69 [0.52; 0.93]* | 18.7 | 0.77 [0.56; 1.06] | |
| 65–74 | 11.8 | 0.62 [0.46; 0.82]** | 10.7 | 0.45 [0.31;0.67]*** | 12.0 | 0.93 [0.60;1.44] | |
| > 74 | 9.6 | 0.60 [0.43;0.82]** | 13.6 | 0.61 [0.40;0.94]* | 6.3 | 0.54 [0.32;0.90]* | |
| Education level | * | * | |||||
| High school degree or lower | 27.5 | –1– | 29.2 | –1– | 25.1 | –1– | |
| Higher than High school degree | 22.5 | 0.82 [0.70;0.96]* | 27.5 | 0.84 [0.68;1.04] | 18.4 | 0.77 [0.60;0.99]* | |
| Being in a couple | *** | ** | ** | ||||
| Yes | 21.8 | 0.79 [0.68;0.92]** | 25.0 | 0.69 [0.57;0.84]*** | 18.6 | 0.98 [0.77;1.24] | |
| No | 27.4 | –1– | 29.9 | –1– | 24.1 | –1– | |
| EHI | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Low | 31.8 | 1.62 [1.28;2.06]*** | 33.6 | 1.40 [1.01;1.92]* | 28.8 | 2.03 [1.42; 2.90]*** | |
| Intermediate | 24.8 | 1.50 [1.22;1.84]*** | 26.6 | 1.38 [1.03;1.84]* | 22.8 | 1.65 [1.22; 2.23]** | |
| High | 14.5 | –1– | 19.9 | –1– | 11.0 | –1– | |
| Missing | 24.5 | 1.05 [0.83;1.32] | 25.0 | 1.14 [0.84;1.53] | 23.7 | 0.91 [0.63;1.32] | |
| Living in a region strongly by impacted COVID-19 | ns | ns | * | ||||
| Yes | 22.7 | 0.89 [0.78; 1.03] | 27.2 | 1.03 [0.85;1.24] | 18.1 | 0.75 [0.60;0.93]** | |
| No | 24.8 | –1– | 27.0 | –1– | 22.4 | –1– | |
| Vaccinated against the flu the year before | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Yes | 5.5 | 0.17 [0.13; 0.22]*** | 5,5 | 0.14 [0.10;0.21]*** | 5.4 | 0.19 [0.13;0.28]*** | |
| No | 31.3 | –1– | 34.2 | –1– | 27.8 | –1– | |
| COVID-19-related concern | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| High (>8) | 16.9 | 0.60 [0.50;0.73]*** | 19.0 | 0.60 [0.48;0.76]*** | 13.6 | 0.61 [0.44;0.84]** | |
| Lower | 25.8 | –1– | 29.7 | –1– | 22.0 | –1– | |
| Friends or relatives diagnosed with COVID-19 | * | $ | $ | ||||
| Yes | 21.1 | 0.83 [0.70;0.98]* | 24.1 | 0.84 [0.66;1.06] | 18.0 | 0.82 [0.63;1.06] | |
| No | 24.8 | –1– | 27.9 | –1– | 21.3 | –1– | |
| Diagnosed with COVID-19 | ns | ns | $ | ||||
| Yes | 23.8 | NI | 18.7 | NI | 29.0 | NI | |
| No | 24.0 | 27.3 | 20.3 | ||||
Chi-Square test: $p < 0.10; *p ≤ 0.05; ** p < 0.01; p < 0.001. NI covariate not included in the model because of small effectives. Note: The following model fit measures were use: Likelihood ratio test: −2Log (Model for All) – [−2Log (Model for Women) + −2Log (Model for Men)] = 4919.504–4890.198 = 29.306, p < 0.001, which confirms the relevance of gender stratification. In addition, the Nagelkerke R2 = 0.1710 for the model for all, 0.1712 for the model among women and 0.1712 for the model performed among men. Population: respondents for the COCONEL surveys 7–9 April wave, 15–17 April wave, 24–26 April wave, and 30 April- 4 May wave (N = 5,018).