Fig. 1.

Food Insecurity and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation (SNAP) Before and After COVID-19 Pandemic Onset among Low-Income Households.

Note: Food security status was measured using the USDA’s validated six-item household food security survey module. Self-reports of SNAP participation in the 12 months prior to and during the 4 months after onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were used to calculate SNAP participation rates. Analyses presented are based on unadjusted estimates. *** indicates the difference between food insecurity rates at the two time points was statistically significant (p < 0.001).