Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| All | Men | Women | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 40 | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | |
| Age, years | 50.7 ± 9.5 | 50.6 ± 8.3 | 50.7 ± 10.8 | 0.9740• |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.8 ± 5.5 | 31.4 ± 5.4 | 28.3 ± 5.3 | 0.0798• |
| Weight, kg | 89.6 ± 20.3 | 100.1 ± 18.9 | 79.0 ± 16.0 | 0.0005• |
| Waist circumference, cm | 97.2 ± 16.0 | 105.5 ± 15.1 | 89.1 ± 12.6 | 0.0006• |
| Obesity, n (%) | 19 (47.5) | 12 (30.0) | 7 (17.5) | 0.1134Δ |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 21 (52.5) | 14 (35) | 7 (17.5) | 0.0267Δ |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 16 (40) | 8 (20.0) | 8 (20.0) | 1.0000Δ |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.52 ± 1.48 | 5.32 ± 0.98 | 5.72 ± 1.86 | 0.4001• |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.21 ± 1.16 | 3.16 ± 0.84 | 3.25 ± 1.43 | 0.8129• |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.36 ± 0.40 | 1.13 ± 0.24 | 1.58 ± 0.40 | 0.0002• |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 11 (27.5) | 8 (20.0) | 3 (7.5) | 0.1552* |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.45 ± 0.6 | 1.62 ± 0.06 | 1.27 ± 0.59 | 0.0677• |
| Lipoprotein(a), nmol/L | 10.5 [5.3; 35.4] | 9.7 [5.6; 29.1] | 12.3 [5.3; 62.5] | 0.4470Δ |
| Physical activity, h/week | 4.2 ± 3.5 | 3.6 ± 2.4 | 4.7 ± 2.7 | 0.3210• |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1* |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.21 ± 0.66 | 5.37 ± 0.67 | 5.05 ± 0.61 | 0.1117• |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 35.1 ± 5.5 | 36.3 ± 6.9 | 33.9 ± 3.5 | 0.1767• |
| Drinks, glasses/week | 9.2 ± 3.9 | 13.4 ± 21.2 | 5.0 ± 5.1 | 0.1092• |
| Physical activity, h/week | 4.2 ± 3.5 | 3.6 ± 2.4 | 4.7 ± 2.7 | 0.3210• |
| Ethinicity (% Caucasians) | 39 (97.5) | 19 (95.0) | 20 (100.0) | 1* |
The baseline characteristics of the patients grouped by gender were compared using the chi-squared or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the t test for continuous variables. Criteria of baseline disease status: Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2); hypertension (blood pressure ≥ 140/ ≥ 90 mmHg or a pre-existing diagnosis); hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 4.14 mmol/L); hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥ 1.70 mmol/L); diabetes type 2 (HbA1c levels ≥ 42 mmol/mol or a pre-existing diagnosis).Values in mmol/L can be converted to mg/dL by multiplication with 38.6 for cholesterol and 88.5 for TG [64]. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), as median [first quartile-third quartile] if not normally distributed; or as frequency and percentage for categorical variables
p value from *Fisher exact test
•t test
ΔChi-squared test