Table 3.
Age and time trends in dairy intake of n = 10,333 dietary records of n = 1275 DONALD participants, aged 3.5–18.5 years, collected between 1985 and 2019
| Age trend per year of age (3.5–18.5 years)a | Time trend per study year (1985–2019)b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Age2 | Age3 | Time | Time2 | Time3 | |
| ß (p) | ß (p) | ß (p) | ß (p) | ß (p) | ß (p) | |
| Total dairy (g/1000 kcal TEI) | ||||||
| Boysc | ||||||
| Unadjusted model | −4.5844 (< 0.0001)' | 0.6491 (0.5021)' | −0.08839 (0.0006)' | |||
| Adjusted model | −4.5746 (< 0.0001)' | 0.3909 (0.6899)' | −0.08737 (0.0007)' | |||
| Girlsd | ||||||
| Unadjusted model | −16.4255 (< 0.0001)' | 0.5383 (< 0.0001)' | 0.7199 (0.4599)' | −0.07368 (0.0041)' | ||
| Adjusted model | −16.7772 (< 0.0001)' | 0.5411 (< 0.0001)' | 0.7893 (0.4087)' | −0.07306 (0.0044)' | ||
| Low fat dairy (w%TD)h | ||||||
| Unadjusted model | −3.1081 (0.0233)' | 0.3424 (0.0114)' | −0.01094 (0.0085)' | −1.7281 (0.0002)' | 0.2667 (< 0.0001)' | −0.00609 (< 0.0001)' |
| Adjusted model | −2.4395 (0.0773)' | 0.3009 (0.0267)' | −0.00989 (0.0177)' | −1.8235 (< 0.0001)' | 0.2706 (< 0.0001)' | −0.00615 (< 0.0001)' |
| High sugar dairy (w %TD) | ||||||
| Boysi | ||||||
| Unadjusted model | −5.9030 (0.0009)' | 0.5367 (0.0022)' | −0.01660 (0.0020)' | −1.8524 (0.0007)' | 0.1302 (0.0002)' | −0.00235 (0.0004)' |
| Adjusted model | −5.2977 (0.0028)' | 0.5114 (0.0035)' | −0.01600 (0.0029)' | −1.7557 (0.0013)' | 0.1346 (0.0001)' | −0.00247 (0.0002)' |
| Girlsj | ||||||
| Unadjusted model | −5.4697 (0.0040)' | 0.5581 (0.0029)' | −0.01851 (0.0013)' | −1.6730 (0.0035)' | 0.1324 (0.0004)' | −0.00263 (0.0002)' |
| Adjusted model | −5.3363 (0.0049)' | 0.5517 (0.0032)' | −0.01834 (0.0014)' | −1.6804 (0.0033)' | 0.1318 (0.0004)' | −0.00262 (0.0002)' |
| Fermented dairy (w%TD) | ||||||
| Boysf | ||||||
| Unadjusted model | 0.2497 (0.0413)' | 0.5855 (< 0.0001)' | ||||
| Adjusted model | 0.3594 (0.0192)' | 0.5800 (< 0.0001)' | ||||
| Girlsg | ||||||
| Unadjusted model | −4.7073 (0.0066)' | 0.5148 (0.0028)' | −0.01486 (0.0050)' | 0.5058 (< 0.0001)' | ||
| Adjusted model | −3.9043 (0.0248)' | 0.4955 (0.0040)' | −0.01517 (0.0041)' | 0.5013 (< 0.0001)' | ||
| Liquid dairy (w%TD)e | ||||||
| Unadjusted model | −2.4665 (< 0.0001)' | 0.06682 (0.0010)' | −1.1254 (< 0.0001)' | 0.01157 (0.0353)' | ||
| Adjusted model | −2.8791 (< 0.0001)' | 0.07708 (0.0002)' | −1.1428 (< 0.0001)' | 0.01170 (0.0329)' | ||
Significant p-values in the adjusted model are bolded
w%TD intake weight as % of TD; TEI total energy intake (kcal/day)
Age and time trends were tested using polynomial mixed-effect regression models
a Age = linear age trend, age2 = quadratic age trend, age3 = cubic age trend
b Time = linear time trend, time2 = quadratic time trend, time3 = cubic time trend
c Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with an unstructured covariance structure adjusted for number of weekdays per record (1/2/3), high maternal educational status (yes/no), maternal overweight status (normal weight, overweight, obesity)
d Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with a Huynh–Feldt covariance structure adjusted for number of weekdays per record (1/2/3)
e Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with a no diagonal factor analytic covariance structure adjusted for TEI and for number of weekdays per record (1/2/3)
f Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with an unstructured covariance structure adjusted for TEI
g Model contains a random statement for the family level with a Huynh–Feldt covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with an unstructured covariance structure adjusted for TEI
h Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with an unstructured covariance structure adjusted for TEI, overweight status (normal weight, overweight, obesity, and underweight), maternal overweight status (normal weight, overweight, obesity)
i Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with an unstructured covariance structure adjusted for overweight status (normal weight, overweight, obesity, and underweight), TEI, high maternal educational status (yes/no)
j Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with a no diagonal factor analytic covariance structure adjusted for number of weekdays per record (1/2/3)
k Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with an unstructured covariance structure adjusted for number of weekdays per record (1/2/3) and overweight status (normal weight, overweight, obesity, and underweight)
l Model contains a random statement for the family level with a no diagonal factor analytic covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with a no diagonal factor analytic covariance structure adjusted for number of weekdays per record (1/2/3) and high maternal educational status (yes/no)
m Model contains a random statement for the family level with an unstructured covariance structure and a random statement for the person level with an unstructured covariance structure adjusted for number of weekdays per record (1/2/3)