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. 2021 Sep 13;11:18164. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96998-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Percentage distribution of VA_rCCA minus age (a)), VA_lCCA minus age (b)), VA_total-cIMT minus age (c)), VA_PWVao minus age (d)), VA_PWVba minus age (e)) and VA_AIXao minus age (f)). Visualisation of accelerated vascular aging (i.e., vascular age exceeding chronological age) by the distribution of the difference of vascular and chronological age. A negative value represents vascular pre-aging. Since analyses were performed with “81 years” being the maximum VA of the cIMT examination, only patients aged < 61 years could possibly enter the group of individuals exhibiting pre-aging of > 20 years. In general, vascular age derived from PWA (first row) was similar or even smaller than patients´ age while VA derived from cIMT (second row) delivered opposite results. VA vascular age, PWVao aortic pulse wave velocity, PWVba branchial-ankle pulse wave velocity, AIao aortic augmentation index, rCCA right common carotid artery, lCCA left common carotid artery, total-cIMT total carotid intima-media thickness.