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. 2021 Sep 13;11:18131. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97443-9

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diagram of the organization of a T. castaneum testis. The stem cell niche which is maintained by Stromal hub cells adheres to the apical tip of the testis. Hub cells are surrounded by germ line stem cells and somatic stem cells. Germ cells differentiate into spermatogonia and begin the development of spermatogenesis process to become mature sperm. Relative expression patterns of Tc-β2t, Tc-eno and Tc-rad50 are noted.