Table 2.

Comparison of the kinetic parameters of various catalysts utilized in different biosensor developments

Catalyst	Substrate	Km (mM)	Vmax (M s−1)	Target	Type of biosensor	LOD	Response time	References
VO2 nanofibre	TMB	0.518	9.3 × 10–5	H2O2	Colorimetric	0.018 mM	–	[248]
	H2O2	1.043	4.66 × 10–4
Fe3O4 MNPS	TMB	0.434	10.00 × 10–8	H2O2	Colorimetric	0.5 µM	–	[249]
	H2O2	154	9.78 × 10–8
HRP	TMB	0.434	1.24 × 10–8	H2O2	Colorimetric	1 µM	–	[250]
	H2O2	3.70	2.46 × 10–8
Pt–DNA complexes	H2O2	–	–	H2O2	Colorimetric	0.392 mM	10–15 min	[251]
V2O5 nanozymes	TMB	0.738	1.85 × 10–5	H2O2	Colorimetric	1 µM	–	[252]
	H2O2	0.232	1.29 × 10–5
PDI–Co3O4	TMB	0.0562	1.113 × 10–4	Glucose	Colorimetric	2.77 µM	3 min	[243]
	H2O2	34.38	3.924 × 10–9
HRP	TMB	0.434	10.00 × 10–8	–	–	–	–	[50]
	H2O2	3.70	8.71 × 10–8
FePt-Au ternary metallic hybrid nanozyme	TMB	0.445	24.67 × 10–8	H2O2	Colorimetric	12.33 µM	30 s	[244]
	H2O2	0.0185	0.6894 × 10–8
Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4: GCN) nanocomposites	TMB	0.601	4.22 × 10–8	Glucose	Colorimetric	0.8 µM	30 s	[246]
	H2O2	0.79	6.78 × 10–8
Casein-Au NPs	H2O2	0.17	1.6 × 10–8	Protease	Colorimetric	44 ng mL−1	90 min	[217]
HRP	H2O2	0.079	3 × 10–10	–	Colorimetric	–	–
Pd-Ir NPs@GVs (gold vesicle)	TMB	0.20	1.7 × 10–7	PSA	Colorimetric (enzyme-free ELISA)	31 fg mL−1	~ 1 h	[253]
HRP	TMB	0.43	1.0 × 10–7	PSA	Colorimetric (HRP-ELISA)	48 pg mL−1	>  ~ 1 h
Mesoporous iron oxide (Fe2O3) NPs	TMB	0.153	2.94 × 10–8	Glucose	Colorimetric and electrochemical	0.001 mM	–	[242]
	H2O2	86.425	3.05 × 10–8
Fe3O4@SiO2@Au MNPs	TMB	5.71	1.43 × 10–7	Glucose	Colorimetric	3 µM	~ 1 h	[254]
	H2O2	2.05	60.88 × 10–7
Au@PtNP/GO microbeads	TMB	0.0075	2.659 × 10–8	H2O2	Electrochemical	1.62 µM	1 min	[120]
	H2O2	0.138	4.815 × 10–8