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Anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs) and blood testes barrier (BTB). (A) ASAs bind to sperm, resulting in sperm agglutination and sperm motility reducing. (B) the important constituent proteins (claudin-11, E-cadherin, and α-catenin) that constitute the BTB are reduced in the testes of Varicocele (VC), resulting in increased BTB permeability.
