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Schematic illustration of osmotic change by interleukin (IL)-6 through sodium–potassium–chloride cotransporter1 (NKCC1) and aquaporin (AQP)-1 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). IL-6-induced activation of NKCC1 and AQP-1 in FLS. Activation of NKCC1 and AQP-1 by IL-6/IL-6-enriched synovial fluid resulted in the influx of solute and water causing the sensitivity to hyperosmotic stimulation.
