Table 2. Propensity score matching analysis of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients during the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods.
| Variables | Pre-COVID-19 period (n = 888) | COVID-19 period (n = 888) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient variables | |||||
| Age, yra | 70.07/15.07 | 70.70/15.17 | 0.234 | ||
| Age, yrb | 73 (60–81) | 74 (61–82) | |||
| Sex (male %) | 574 (64.64) | 570 (64.19) | 0.843 | ||
| Medical history | |||||
| Hypertension | 235 (26.46) | 251 (28.27) | 0.394 | ||
| Diabetes | 175 (19.71) | 165 (18.58) | 0.546 | ||
| Stroke | 77 (8.67) | 68 (7.66) | 0.435 | ||
| Cardiac disease | 156 (17.57) | 146 (16.44) | 0.528 | ||
| Pulmonary disease | 52 (5.86) | 81 (9.12) | 0.009** | ||
| Liver disease | 16 (1.8) | 16 (1.8) | 1.000 | ||
| Renal disease | 36 (4.05) | 36 (4.05) | 1.000 | ||
| Malignancy | 76 (8.56) | 88 (9.91) | 0.325 | ||
| Bystander variables | |||||
| Cardiac arrest place | 0.832 | ||||
| Residence | 592 (66.67) | 609 (68.58) | |||
| Public | 191 (21.51) | 184 (20.72) | |||
| Nursing facility | 41 (4.62) | 37 (4.17) | |||
| Ambulance | 64 (7.21) | 58 (6.53) | |||
| EMS call time (24 hr) | < 0.001*** | ||||
| 08:00–16:00 | 394 (44.37) | 294 (33.11) | |||
| 16:00–24:00 | 290 (32.66) | 358 (40.32) | |||
| 00:00–08:00 | 204 (22.97) | 236 (26.58) | |||
| Bystander-witnessed | 411 (46.28) | 412 (46.4) | 0.962 | ||
| Bystander | 0.127 | ||||
| Family member | 517 (58.22) | 540 (60.81) | |||
| Nonfamily member | 279 (31.42) | 242 (27.25) | |||
| EMS provider | 92 (10.36) | 106 (11.94) | |||
| Bystander CPR | 538 (60.59) | 537 (60.47) | 0.961 | ||
| Bystander AED use | 94 (10.59) | 87 (9.8) | 0.583 | ||
| EMS variables | |||||
| Initial shockable rhythm | 71 (8.00) | 83 (9.35) | 0.312 | ||
| Advanced airway management | < 0.001*** | ||||
| I-gel/supraglottic airway | 637 (71.73) | 792 (89.19) | |||
| Tracheal intubation | 47 (5.29) | 11 (1.24) | |||
| No advanced airway management | 204 (22.97) | 85 (9.57) | |||
| Mechanical chest compression device | 272 (30.63) | 393 (44.26) | < 0.001*** | ||
| Epinephrine use | 147 (16.55) | 160 (18.02) | 0.415 | ||
| EMS process time, minb | |||||
| 1) EMS response time | 7 (5–10) | 8 (6–10) | < 0.001*** | ||
| 2) EMS scene time | 14 (10–18) | 14 (11–18) | 0.820 | ||
| 3) EMS transport time | 6 (4–10) | 6 (4–10) | 0.142 | ||
| Hospital variables | |||||
| Initial shockable rhythm | 103 (11.6) | 57 (6.42) | < 0.001*** | ||
| ROSC at any time | 270 (30.41) | 238 (26.8) | 0.008** | ||
| Survival at admission | 200 (22.52) | 162 (18.24) | 0.025* | ||
| Survival to discharge | 69 (7.77) | 49 (5.52) | 0.056 | ||
| Favorable neurological outcome | 53 (5.97) | 31 (3.49) | < 0.001*** | ||
Variables included in propensity score matching analysis are age, sex, cardiac disease, malignancy, cardiac arrest place (public), bystander-witnessed, bystander CPR, bystander AED use, the presence of an initial shockable rhythm on scene, and EMS process time. Variables are presented as athe mean ± standard deviation, bmedian (quartile 1-quartile 3) and number (%).
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, EMS = emergency medical service, CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation, AED = automated external defibrillator, ROSC = return of spontaneous circulation.