TABLE 1.
Material properties of the spinal structures.
| Component/materials | Young’s modulus E (MPa) | Poisson’s ratio | Element type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical bone | 12000 | 0.29 | Shell93 |
| Cancellous bone | 450 | 0.29 | Solid187 |
| Posterior element | 3500 | 0.29 | Solid187 |
| Facet cartilage | 10.4 | 0.4 | Solid187 |
| Endplate | 500 | 0.4 | Shell93 |
| Nucleus pulposus | 1 | 0.49 | Solid187 |
| Annulus fibrosus | 3.4 | 0.4 | Solid187 |
| Anterior longitudinal Ligament | 30 | 0.3 | Spring (tension only) |
| Posterior longitudinal Ligament | 20 | 0.3 | Spring (tension only) |
| Ligamentum flavum | 1.5 | 0.3 | Spring (tension only) |
| Capsular Ligament | 20 | 0.3 | Spring (tension only) |
| Interspinous Ligament | 1.5 | 0.3 | Spring (tension only) |
| Supraspinous Ligament | 1.5 | 0.3 | Spring (tension only) |
| Intertransverse Ligament | 20 | 0.3 | Spring (tension only) |
| PEEK | 3000 | 0.3 | Solid187 |
| Bone graft | 450 | 0.29 | Solid187 |
| Titanium alloy | 110,000 | 0.3 | Solid187 |
| Degenerative annulus fibrosus | 4 | 0.45 | Solid187 |
| Degenerative nucleus pulposus | 4 | 0.49 | Solid187 |
| Osteophytes | 450 | 0.23 | Solid187 |