Table 1.

Sex and estrous cycle effects on fear/anxiety in commonly used behavioral tests in rats and mice.

Test	Species	Sex differences			Estrous cycle
		M>F	F>M	M=F	No effect	Diest>Pro/Est
Unconditioned threat
Elevated plus maze	Rat	61–63			9,63, 73–5	18,40,66–72
	Mouse			64,65	23	68,70,76-8
Elevated T—maze
Inhibitory avoidance	Rat	97		94,95,96	96	94
	Mouse
Escape	Rat			94–96
	Mouse
Open field	Rat	62,101–104		60,63	107,109	68,109
	Mouse			105	32,108	32,70
Light-dark test	Rat			118-124		18,145–6
	Mouse
22kH USV
Mild restraint	Rat	154				154
	Mouse
Air puff	Rat	9,156		154
	Mouse
Predator	Rat	150
	Mouse
Acute hypoxia	Rat					178a
	Mouse
Prey-Predator	Rat	184	149,183	185		186
	Mouse
Conditioned threat
Vogel conflict	Rat		61,194–6		194
	Mouse		197
Conditioned fear	Rat		211		154,204–5, 213
	Mouse
Fear potentiated startle	Rat	200–3	209	154,204–7
	Mouse			208	107–8	212
Fear extinction	Rat		210			206,212–3
	Mouse			215