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. 2021 Aug 31;12:726895. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726895

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Copyright © 2021 Scalco, Moro, Mongillo and Zaglia.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Optogenetic assessment of neuro-cardiac coupling in vivo. (A) Schematic illustration of the neuronal optogenetic set up used for right atrium (RA) illumination in open chest anesthetized mice. (B) Representation of the different photostimulated atrial regions (areas#1–2). (C) Representative ECG trace of the optogenetic experiment, showing positive chronotropic response upon photoactivation (blue lines) of the RA area#1 in TH/ChR2 mice. (D) Representative ECG trace showing unchanged HR upon illumination of RA area#2. (E) Dose-effect analysis of the treatment with the β-AR antagonist, propranolol, on the chronotropic response to neuronal photostimulation. Blue symbols identify responses to photostimulation, while the white ones show the effects of systemically delivered NA (***P < 0.001; *P < 0.05). Images modified with permission from Prando et al. (2018).