Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and general neuropsychological characteristics of participant groups.
| Characteristic | Controls | AD | nfvPPA | svPPA | bvFTD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Demographic | |||||
| No. (male:female) | 12:8 | 8:7 | 7:6 | 7:5 | 16:6 |
| Age (years) | 65.3 (6.3) | 70.8 (6.2) | 69.3 (10.0) | 66.8 (7.2) | 66.5 (6.2) |
| Handedness (right:left) | 19:1 | 13:2 | 12:1 | 12:0 | 21:1 |
| Education (years) | 14.8 (3.1) | 14.1 (2.5) | 12.9 (2.4) | 13.4 (2.5) | 14.3 (3.0) |
| MMSE (/30) | 29.5 (.9) | 20.1 (5.9) | 22.1 (7.2) | 21.6 (7.2) | 24.8 (4.8) |
| Symptom duration (years) | N/A | 6.9 (2.9) | 4.9 (1.3) | 7.1 (2.4) | 7.0 (3.0) |
| Genetic mutations (no.) | N/A | 0 | 2 GRN | 0 | 4 MAPT 3 C9orf72 2 GRN |
| No. taking donepezil | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| No. taking antidepressants | 0 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 7 |
| Audiometry score |
26.3 (5.1) |
30.7 (6.8) |
29.5 (6.8) |
27.7 (6.1) |
32.2 (7.7) |
|
General neuropsychological | |||||
| Episodic memory | |||||
| RMT words (/50) | 48.3 (2.0) | 30.4 (6.0) | 34.0 (8.9) | 33.3 (7.8) | 36.4 (8.7) |
| RMT faces (/50) | 42.5 (5.3) | 31.2 (7.8) | 34.9 (6.9) | 29.3 (2.8) | 34.2 (8.1) |
| Executive skills | |||||
| WASI Matrices (/32) | 25.7 (4.2) | 11.9 (6.1)c | 15.1 (9.5)c | 25.8 (4.7) | 18.2 (8.8)c |
| D-KEFS Stroop: | |||||
| colour naming (s) | 29.6 (5.5) | 58.9 (18.4) | 76.1 (17.7) | 51.6 (22.5)b | 44.7 (18.0)b |
| word reading (s) | 22.1 (4.6) | 46.7 (24.4)b | 65.5 (24.2) | 34.7 (12.2)b | 29.5 (15.2)b |
| interference (s) | 57.3 (17.8) | 139.3 (42.5) | 151.5 (44.6) | 99.4 (44.5)a,b | 93.8 (44.4)a,b |
| Trails A (s) | 27.1 (6.1) | 98.7 (42.1) | 77.3 (52.7) | 49.0 (18.5)a | 54.1 (36.2)a |
| Trails B (s) | 67.2 (29.9)a,b,d | 251.7 (73.1) | 177.5 (86.6) | 168.5 (100.1)a | 168.6 (93.1)a |
| Language skills | |||||
| WASI vocabulary (/80) | 70.1 (4.9) | 51.9 (16.7) | 22.5 (20.3)a,d | 25.8 (20.1) | 49.7 (19.2) |
| BPVS (/150) | 147.4 (1.0) | 124.5 (29.2) | 109.9 (48.7) | 64.1 (42.9)a,b,d | 122.4 (41.5) |
| GNT (/30) | 25.1 (2.8) | 12.9 (8.0) | 12.2 (7.2) | 1.5 (4.5)a,b,d | 14.6 (9.8) |
| Other skills | |||||
| WASI Block Design (/71) | 47.3 (12.4) | 12.6 (8.2)c,d | 17.3 (16.0)c,d | 38.8 (17.3) | 32.4 (13.1) |
| GDA (/24) | 15.9 (4.9) | 4.5 (5.6)c | 6.8 (7.5) | 12.1 (5.6) | 8.6 (6.1) |
| VOSP Object Decision (/20) | 18.2 (1.3) | 15.7 (3.0) | 13.8 (5.0) | 15.4 (3.1) | 15.6 (3.7) |
Mean (standard deviation) values are shown unless otherwise indicated; scores that are statistically significantly different from healthy controls are shown in bold (maximum scores for neuropsychological tests are in parentheses).
AD, patient group with typical Alzheimer's disease; BPVS, British Picture Vocabulary Scale (Dunn et al., 1982); bvFTD, patient group with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia; C9orf72, pathogenic mutation in open reading frame of chromosome 9; Controls, healthy control group; D-KEFS, Delis Kaplan Executive System (Fine & Delis, 2011); GDA, Graded Difficulty Arithmetic test (Jackson & Warrington, 1986); GNT, Graded Naming Test (McKenna & Warrington, 1980); GRN, pathogenic mutation in progranulin gene; MAPT, pathogenic mutation in microtubule-associated protein tau gene; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination score (Folstein et al., 1975); nfvPPA, patient group with nonfluent – agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia; RMT, Recognition Memory Test (Warrington, 1984); svPPA, patient group with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia; Trails-making task based on maximum time achievable (2.5 min on task A, 5 min on task B) (Lezak et al., 2004); VOSP, Visual Object and Spatial Perception Battery – Object Decision test (Warrington & James, 1991); WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1997).
Statistically significantly less than AD group.
Statistically significantly less than nfvPPA group.
Statistically significantly less than svPPA.
Statistically significantly less than bvFTD (all Pbonf<.05).