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. 2021 Aug 31;12:705543. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705543

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Copyright © 2021 Graversen, Larsen, Pedersen, Sørensen, Christoffersen, Jacobsen, Halken, Licht, Bahl and Bøgh

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of amoxicillin administration on immune regulation in the extensively hydrolysed whey (eHW) group. Total faecal (A) and total serum (B) IgA titres in conventional (H₂O, open symbols) and amoxicillin (AMX, closed symbols) groups. Fraction of Helios^- Tregs out of the CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ Treg populations (both CD4⁺ and CD4^-) in blood (C), and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN), Peyer’s patches (PP) and lamina propria (LP) (D). Correlation between fraction of Helios^- Tregs out of the CD4⁺ Treg populations and ear swelling after intradermal injection of intact whey (E). Average villus length (F), eosinophil (G) and goblet cell (H) count per villus in small intestine, and average crypt depth (I), eosinophil (J) and goblet cell (K) count per crypt in colon. Each symbol represents one rat and horizontal lines indicate median (A) or mean (B–K) values. Statistically significant differences between groups are indicated as *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01.