Table 1.

Summary of participant characteristics (N = 5331)

Measure	Mean (s.d.) or %
CES-D-SF (wave 9)	1.09 (1.49)
Clinical depression	14%
CES-D-SF (lockdown)	1.65 (1.94)
Clinical depression	26%
CES-D-SF (lockdown – wave 9)	0.56 (1.78)
Increase in clinical depression	12%
Age, years	70.25 (9.30)
Gender	Male: 43%	Female: 57%
Urban/rural living	Urban: 73%	Rural: 27%
Long-standing illness	Present: 55%	Absent: 45%
Drinker/non-drinker	Drinker: 64%	Non-drinker: 36%
Living alone/not alone	Living alone: 27%	Not alone: 73%
Non-BAME/BAME	Non-BAME: 96%	BAME: 4%
Smoker/non-smoker	Smoker: 7%	Non-smoker: 93%
Education (1–4)
(1) Degree level	23%
(2) Higher education	26%
(3) Secondary school	34%
(4) Below secondary school	17%
Net financial wealth (by tertile)
(Low)	30%
(Mid)	32%
(High)	38%
Employment (1–4)
(1) Employed	22%
(2) Unemployed	7%
(3) Retired	69%
(4) Other	2%

Clinical depression was defined as the percentage of individuals scoring ≥3 on the CES-D-SF, indicating clinical depression; CES-D-SF (lockdown – wave 9) = change in depression scores (lockdown scores – wave 9 scores). CES-D-SF, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short-Form; BAME, Black, Asian and minority ethnic.