Table 2. Outcomes of Children and Adults With Conservatively Managed SS.
| Domain and comparison data | Standardized mean group differences | Prevalence rates | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies, No. | Participants with SS, No. | Hedges g (95% CI) | P value | I 2 | τ | N fs | Studies, No. | Participants with SS, No. | Prevalence (95% CI) | Studies, No. | Participants with SS, No. | OR (95% CI)a | |
| Objective measures | |||||||||||||
| General cognition | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 1 | 30 | −0.08 (−0.67 to 0.51) | .79 | NA | NA | NA | 2 | 65 | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.14) | NA | NA | NA |
| Normsb | 2 | 17 | 0.19 (−0.29 to 0.67) | .43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | ||||||
| Motor functioning, norms | 1 | 13 | −0.15 (−0.70 to 0.39) | .59 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Verbal abilities, norms | 1 | 14 | 0.09 (−0.44 to 0.63) | .74 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 14 | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.37) | 1 | 13 | 0.33 (0.02 to 6.65) |
| Visuospatial abilities, norms | 1 | 14 | 0.02 (−0.51 to 0.56) | .93 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 17 | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.36) | 1 | 16 | 0.69 (0.04 to 11.11) |
| Adaptive and social skills, norms | 1 | 13 | −0.14 (−0.69 to 0.41) | .62 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Arithmetic | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 18 | 0.71 (0.04 to 12.43) |
| Attention | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 19 | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.41) | 1 | 26 | 1.04 (0.48 to 2.27) |
| Executive function | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 12 | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.41) | NA | NA | NA |
| Global development, norms | 1 | 23 | 0.58 (0.17 to 0.99) | .01 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Memory: shorter-term | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 18 | 0.09 (0.03 to 0.23) | 1 | 16 | 0.70 (0.05 to 10.33) |
| Processing speed | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 14 | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.37) | 1 | 14 | 0.31 (0.01 to 6.12) |
| Subjective measures | |||||||||||||
| Behavior | |||||||||||||
| Externalizing, norms | 1 | 24 | −0.25 (−0.65 to 0.15) | .22 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Internalizing, norms | 1 | 24 | −0.30 (−0.70 to 0.10) | .14 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Overall, norms | 1 | 24 | −0.29 (−0.69 to 0.11) | .16 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Quality of life, norms | 1 | 24 | 0.00 (−0.40 to 0.40) | >.99 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; Nfs, Orwin failsafe N; OR, odds ratio; SS, sagittal synostosis.
a
ORs are shown on a logarithmic scale.
b
Norms refers to comparisons against normative data for each measure.