Table 4. Outcomes of Children and Adults With SS Who Had Undergone Surgery.
| Domain and comparison data | Standardized mean group differences | Prevalence rates | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies, No. | Participants with SS, No. | Hedges g (95% CI) | P value | I 2 | τ | N fs | Studies, No. | Participants with SS, No. | Prevalence (95% CI) | Studies, No. | Participants with SS, No. | OR (95% CI)a | |
| Objective measures | |||||||||||||
| General cognition | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 2 | 113 | −0.12 (−0.57 to 0.33) | .60 | 49.78 | 0.24 | 0 | 3 | 112 | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.34) | NA | NA | NA |
| Normsb | 9 | 299 | 0.01 (−0.26 to 0.27) | .96 | 75.71 | 0.34 | 0 | ||||||
| Motor functioning | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 3 | 131 | 0.18 (−0.41 to 0.05) | .13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 2 | 81 | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.36) | NA | NA | NA |
| Norms | 7 | 244 | 0.01 (−0.31 to 0.34) | .93 | 83.10 | 0.40 | 0 | ||||||
| Verbal abilities | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 3 | 122 | −0.65 (−1.34 to 0.03) | .06 | 74.77 | 0.52 | 7 | 3 | 84 | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.27) | NA | NA | NA |
| Norms | 7 | 266 | 0.23 (−0.01 to 0.47) | .06 | 69.71 | 0.26 | 1 | ||||||
| Visuospatial abilities | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 3 | 102 | −0.07 (−0.32 to 0.17) | .56 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | 63 | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.14) | 1 | 35 | 4.55 (0.21 to 98.63) |
| Norms | 6 | 248 | 0.31 (0.18 to 0.44) | <.001 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3 | ||||||
| Adaptive and social skills, norms | 2 | 76 | 0.07 (−0.26 to 0.41) | .67 | 48.57 | 0.17 | 0 | 1 | 63 | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.12) | NA | NA | NA |
| Arithmetic | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 1 | 75 | −0.21 (−0.48 to 0.06) | .12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Norms | 1 | 10 | −0.24 (−0.86 to 0.38) | .45 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Attention | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 2 | 94 | −0.40 (−1.08 to 0.29) | .26 | 73.58 | 0.43 | 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Norms | 1 | 38 | −0.51 (−0.84 to −0.19) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Executive function, peers | 1 | 75 | −0.18 (−0.45 to 0.09) | .19 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Global development, norms | 2 | 76 | 0.34 (−0.09 to 0.76) | .13 | 68.17 | 0.26 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 0.15 (0.06 to 0.35) | NA | NA | NA |
| Learning difficulties | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4 | 143 | 0.23 (0.11 to 0.41) | 1 | 70 | 0.64 (0.35 to 1.17) |
| Memory | |||||||||||||
| Shorter term | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 2 | 92 | −0.20 (−0.45 to 0.05) | .12 | <.001 | 0.00 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Norms | 2 | 51 | −0.45 (−0.72 to −0.17) | <.001 | <.001 | 0.00 | 3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Longer term, peers | 1 | 74 | −0.18 (−0.45 to 0.10) | .20 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Processing speed, norms | 2 | 48 | −0.26 (−1.14 to 0.63) | .57 | 79.89 | 0.58 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Subjective measures | |||||||||||||
| Motor functioning | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 138 | 0.10 | NA | NA | NA |
| Verbal abilities, peers | 1 | 70 | −0.01 (−0.31 to 0.28) | .93 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 138 | 0.09 | NA | NA | NA |
| Adaptive and social skills, norms | 1 | 75 | 0.15 (−0.08 to 0.38) | .19 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 140 | 0.12 | NA | NA | NA |
| Attention, peers | 1 | 76 | −0.02 (−0.31 to 0.26) | .87 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Behavior | |||||||||||||
| Externalizing | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 2 | 83 | −0.04 (−0.30 to 0.22) | .76 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 0.26 (0.20 to 0.32) | 1 | 76 | 1.48 (0.79 to 2.74) |
| Norms | 3 | 192 | −0.14 (−0.29 to 0.02) | .08 | 13.45 | 0.05 | 0 | ||||||
| Internalizing | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 2 | 83 | −0.19 (−0.62 to 0.25) | .40 | 24.24 | .20 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 0.14 (0.10 to 0.20) | 1 | 76 | 1.17 (0.65 to 2.09) |
| Norms | 3 | 192 | −0.07 (−0.21 to 0.07) | .32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | ||||||
| Overall | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 2 | 83 | 0.02 (−0.33 to 0.38) | .91 | 13.13 | 0.14 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 0.22 (0.15 to 0.32) | 1 | 76 | 1.52 (0.83 to 2.81) |
| Norms | 1 | 75 | 0.17 (−0.15 to 0.49) | .30 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
| Executive function | |||||||||||||
| Peers | 1 | 75 | 0.04 (−0.25 to 0.33) | .79 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Norms | 3 | 192 | −0.40 (−0.66 to −0.14) | <.001 | 68.20 | 0.19 | 3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Memory: shorter term, norms | 3 | 192 | −0.39 (−0.63 to −0.15) | <.001 | 62.22 | 0.17 | 3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Quality of life, norms | 1 | 5 | 1.29 (0.42 to 2.17) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Satisfaction with appearance, peers | 1 | 40 | −0.06 (−0.50 to 0.37) | .78 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Self-concept, peers | 1 | 7 | −0.03 (−0.95 to 0.88) | .94 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; Nfs, Orwin failsafe N; OR, odds ratio; SS, sagittal synostosis.
a
ORs are shown on a logarithmic scale.
b
Norms refers to comparisons against normative data for each measure.