Table 3. Overview of Selectivity Values and Experimental Details of the Reported Studies Towards Mono/Divalent Cationsa.
entry | PEM/membrane | no. layers | method | conditions | flux (nmol·cm–2·s–1) | selectivity | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PEI/PSS on CMX | 21 | ED | CC, 15 mA/cm2, 0.05 M NaCl and 0.05 M CaCl2 | Ca2+: 44.0 | PCaNa = 1.35 | (184) |
Na+: 60.1 | |||||||
2 | CMX | bare | ED | CC, 15 mA/cm2, 0.05 M NaCl and 0.05 M CaCl2 | Ca2+: 64.5 | PCaNa = 0.64 | (184) |
Na+: 40.3 | |||||||
3 | CSO | bare | ED | CC, 15 mA/cm2, 0.05 M NaCl and 0.05 M CaCl2 | Ca2+: 35.2 | PCaNa = 1.72 | (184) |
Na+: 60.8 | |||||||
4 | CMS | bare | ED | CC, 15 mA/cm2, 0.05 M NaCl and 0.05 M CaCl2 | Ca2+: 41.8 | PCaNa = 1.23 | (184) |
Na+: 53.1 | |||||||
5 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | ED | CC, 1.27 mA/cm2, 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M Mg(NO3)2 | K+: 6.9 ± 0.2 | FMgK > 1000 | (187) |
Mg2+: <0.005 | |||||||
6 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | ED | CC, 2.54 mA/cm2, 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M Mg(NO3)2 | K+: 6.28 ± 0.58 | FMgK = 22.1 ± 3.5 | (187) |
Mg2+: 0.318 | |||||||
7 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 (1-side) | 11 | ED | CC, 2.54 mA/cm2, 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M Mg(NO3)2 | ND | FMgK = 10.0 ± 3.8 | (187) |
8 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | ED | CC, 2.54 mA/cm2, 0.02 M KNO3 and 0.02 M Mg(NO3)2 | K+: 13.5 ± 0.6 | FMgK = 96 ± 26 | (187) |
Mg2+: 0.149 | |||||||
9 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | ED | CC, 2.54 mA/cm2, 0.1 M KNO3 and 0.1 M Mg(NO3)2 | K+: 25.2 ± 1.6 | FMgK > 20 000 | (187) |
Mg2+: < 0.001 | |||||||
10 | Nafion 115 | bare | ED | CC, 1.27 mA/cm2, 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M Mg(NO3)2 | K+: 6.4 ± 0.3 | FMgK = 1.8 ± 0.1 | (187) |
Mg2+: 3.6 ± 0.1 | |||||||
11 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 117 | 11 | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.01 M LiNO3 and 0.01 M Co(NO3)2 | Li+: 2.95 ± 0.2 | FCoLi > 1600 | (188) |
Co2+: 1.29 ± 0.51 (pmol cm–2 s–1) | |||||||
12 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 117 | 11 | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.02 M LiNO3 and 0.02 M Co(NO3)2 | Li+: 3.18 ± 0.3 | FCoLi > 360 | (188) |
Co2+: 2.55 ± 1.71 (pmol·cm–2·s–1) | |||||||
13 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 117 | 11 | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.1 M LiNO3 and 0.1 M Co(NO3)2 | Li+: 6.79 ± 0.18 | FCoLi > 6500 | (188) |
Co2+ < 1 (pmol·cm–2·s–1) | |||||||
14 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 117 | 4 | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.01 M LiNO3 and 0.01 M Co(NO3)2 | Li+: 2.39 ± 0.10 | FCoLi > 430 | (188) |
Co2+: 3.85 ± 2.49 (pmol·cm–2·s–1) | |||||||
15 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 117 | 3 | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.01 M LiNO3 and 0.01 M Co(NO3)2 | Li+: 1.62 ± 0.10 | FCoLi > 23 | (188) |
Co2+: 37.3 ± 25.5 (pmol·cm–2·s–1) | |||||||
16 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 117 | 11 | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.01 M K(OAc) and 0.01 M La(OAc)3 | K+: 0.46 ± 0.27 | FLaK > 93 | (188) |
La3+: 1.58 ± 1.00 (pmol·cm–2·s–1) | |||||||
17 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 117 | 11 | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.02 M K(OAc) and 0.02 M La(OAc)3 | K+: 4.40 ± 0.02 | FLaK > 2400 | (188) |
La3+: 1.27 ± 0.46 (pmol·cm–2·s–1) | |||||||
18 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 117 | 11 | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.1 M K(OAc) and 0.1 M La(OAc)3 | K+: 7.85 ± 0.69 | FLaK > 7000 | (188) |
La3+: < 1 (pmol·cm–2·s–1) | |||||||
19 | Nafion 117 | bare | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.01 M LiNO3 and 0.01 M Co(NO3)2 | Li+: 1.9 ± 0.4 | FCoLi = 0.66 ± 0.08 | (188) |
Co2+: 3.0 ± 0.7 | |||||||
20 | Nafion 117 | bare | ED | CC, 0.63 mA/cm2, 0.01 M K(OAc) and 0.01 M La(OAc)3 | ND | FLaK = 1.61 ± 0.26 | (188) |
21 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | DD | 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M LiNO3 + 0.01 M HNO3 in RP | K+: 2.01 ± 0.21 | up to FLiK = 57 ± 22 | (78, 189) |
Li+: 0.039 ± 0.013 | |||||||
22 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | DD | 0.02 M KNO3 and 0.02 M LiNO3 + 0.01 M HNO3 in RP | K+: 2.83 ± 0.31 | FLiK = 80 ± 9 | (78) |
Li+: 0.035 ± 0.003 | |||||||
23 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | DD | 0.1 M KNO3 and 0.1 M LiNO3 + 0.01 M HNO3 in RP | K+: 5.28 ± 0.69 | FLiK = 38 ± 13 | (78) |
Li+: 0.25 ± 0.05 | |||||||
24 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | DD | 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M LiNO3 + 0.02 M HNO3 in RP | K+: 0.35 ± 0.06 | FLiK = 8.3 ± 1.8 | (78) |
Li+: 0.047 ± 0.010 | |||||||
25 | Nafion 115 | bare | DD | 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M LiNO3 + 0.02 M HNO3 in RP | K+: 4.97 ± 0.44 | FLiK = 1.7 ± 0.3 | (78) |
Li+: 3.03 ± 0.36 | |||||||
26 | PSS/PAH on Nafion 115 | 11 | ED | CC, 0.64 mA/cm2, 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M LiNO3 + 0.01 M HNO3 in RP | K+: 2.99 ± 0.13 | FLiK = 2.3 ± 0.1 | (78) |
Li+: 1.33 ± 0.03 | |||||||
27 | Nafion 115 | bare | ED | CC, 0.64 mA/cm2, 0.01 M KNO3 and 0.01 M LiNO3 + 0.01 M HNO3 in RP | K+: 5.56 ± 0.81 | FLiK = 1.3 ± 0.1 | (78) |
Li+: 4.19 ± 0.38 | |||||||
28 | PAH/PSS on CMX (recipe 1) | 11 | RM | 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M MgCl2 | ND | RMgNa = 5.7 | (190) |
29 | PAH/PSS on CMX (recipe 1) | 21 | RM | 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M MgCl2 | ND | RMgNa = 5.8 | (190) |
30 | PAH/PSS on CMX (recipe 2) | 11 | RM | 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M MgCl2 | ND | RMgNa = 7.8 | (190) |
31 | CSO | bare | RM | 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M MgCl2 | ND | RMgNa = 6.9 | (190) |
32 | CMX | bare | RM | 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M MgCl2 | ND | RMgNa = 3.5 | (190) |
33 | PAH/PSS on CMX (recipe 2) | 11 | ED | CV, 3.5 V, 25 mM NaCl and 10 mM MgCl2 | Na+≈ 3.5 × 104 | PMgNa = 1.7 | (190) |
Mg2+≈ 0.5 × 104b | |||||||
34 | CMX | bare | ED | CV, 3.5 V, 25 mM NaCl and 10 mM MgCl2 | Na+ ≈ 2 × 104 | PMgNa = 0.5 | (190) |
Mg2+ ≈ 1.5 × 104b | |||||||
35 | PAH/PSS on CMX | 11 | MCDI | CV, 0–1 V, 4 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl2 | ND | βMgNa = 2.8 ± 0.2 | (183) |
36 | CMX | bare | MCDI | CV, 0–1 V, 4 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl2 | ND | βMgNa = 0.5 ± 0.04 | (183) |
37 | CMS | bare | MCDI | CV, 0–1 V, 4 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl2 | ND | βMgNa = 0.4 ± 0.1 | (183) |
ED: Electrodialysis. DD: Diffusion dialysis. RM: Resistance measurement. MCDI: Membrane capacitive deionization. RP: Receiving phase. CC and CV represent a desalination process with constant current or constant voltage, respectively.
Estimated from the graphs reported in the cited references.