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. 2021 Sep 14;40:289. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02066-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — ATF6 mediated ER stress in PCa cells. (A) Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of ATF6 (green) in LNCaP cells treated with 1 μM Thapsigargin (Tg) for 4 h or the appropriate amount of DMSO (Ctrl) and non-treated RWPE-1 and PC-3 cells; bars, 10 μm. (B) ATF6 W-B of the nuclear fraction from LNCaP cells treated with DMSO or Tg; lamin B1 is a loading control. (C) Quantification of the ratio of nuclear/cytoplasmic ATF6 IF in cells presented in A (N = 3; **P < 0.001, t test). (D-F) Expression of mRNA for calreticulin (D), HSP90B (E), and HSPA5 (F) in RWPE-1 and LNCaP cells treated with DMSO or Tg, as well as non-treated PC-3 cells (N = 3; **P < 0.001, t test). (G) GRP78 and ATF6 W-B of the lysate from the tumor tissues of PCa patients (T, grade 2) and prostate normal tissues (N); β-actin is a loading control. (H) Examination of intranuclear ATF6 and total GRP78 in the normal prostate and tumor foci of PCa patients with different Gleason (Gl) scores. Shown is IF staining of GRP78 (red) and ATF6 (green); bars, 5 μm. White boxes indicate an area enlarged at the right. (I, J) Quantification of ATF6 (I) and GRP78 (J) in the samples described in H (**P < 0.001; *P < 0.01, pairwise Wilcoxon with Bonferonni-Hochberg multiple test). Data are presented as medians (min – max)