Table 3.
Analysis of risk factors associated with positive urine test for Chlamydia trachomatis
| CT1 study | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative urine test | Positive urine test | Univariate OR (95% CI) | p-value | Multivariable OR (95% CI)a | p-value | Multivariable OR (95% CI)b | p-value | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 416 | 6 | 1 | |||||
| Male | 343 | 5 | 1.01 (0.31, 3.34) | 0.99 | 1.02 (0.29, 3.40) | 0.98 | 1.63 (0.41, 6.87) | 0.49 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 16–29 y/o age | 178 | 3 | 1 | |||||
| 30–44 y/o age | 274 | 5 | 1.08 (0.26, 4.59) | 0.91 | 1.09 (0.26, 5.35) | 0.91 | 1.13 (0.23, 6.27) | 0.88 |
| 45–59 y/o age | 307 | 3 | 0.58 (0.12, 2.90) | 0.50 | 0.580 (0.30, 3.49) | 0.51 | 0.53 (0.07, 3.46) | 0.50 |
| Last sexual partner | ||||||||
| Steady | 552 | 5 | 1 | |||||
| Casual | 70 | 4 | 6.31 (1.66, 24.1) | < 0.01 | 4.63 (1.06, 19) | 0.03 | 3.17 (0.43, 19.7) | 0.23 |
| Nr. of sexual partners in the last 12 months | ||||||||
| 1 partner | 526 | 6 | 1 | |||||
| 3 or more partners | 58 | 3 | 4.53 (1.10, 18.6) | 0.02 | 1.75 (0.95, 3) | 0.05 | 1.28 (0.58, 2.8) | 0.53 |
| Ever been tested for STI | ||||||||
| No | 408 | 4 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 272 | 6 | 2.25 (0.63, 8.05) | 0.20 | 2.11 (0.59, 8.36) | 0.25 | 1.14 (0.27, 4.92) | 0.86 |
| Condom use during last intercourse | ||||||||
| Yes | 64 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| No | 561 | 8 | 0.91 (0.11, 7.41) | 0.93 | 1.33 (0.23, 25.4) | 0.79 | 2.13 (0.33, 42.3) | 0.50 |
| Level of education (lowest = 1, highest = 4) | 1.52 (0.65, 5.74) | 0.43 | 1.62 (0.66, 6.4) | 0.39 | 1.88 (0.59, 12.1) | 0.39 | ||
| CT2 study | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative urine test | Positive urine test | Univariate OR (95% CI) | p-value | Multivariable OR (95% CI)a | p-value | Multivariable OR (95% CI)c | p-value | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 405 | 7 | 1 | |||||
| Male | 348 | 3 | 0.50 (0.13, 1.94) | 0.31 | 0.501 (0.11, 1.82) | 0.32 | 0.46 (0.06, 2.18) | 0.36 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 18–29 y/o age | 122 | 3 | 1 | |||||
| 30–44 y/o age | 297 | 2 | 0.27 (0.05, 1.66) | 0.13 | 0.266 (0.03, 1.63) | 0.15 | 0.23 (0.01, 1.90) | 0.21 |
| 45–59 y/o age | 334 | 5 | 0.61 (0.14, 2.59) | 0.50 | 0.611 (0.15, 3.02) | 0.50 | 0.82 (0.14, 4.78) | 0.82 |
| Relationship status | ||||||||
| Married or legally cohabitating | 460 | 5 | 1 | |||||
| Single | 215 | 1 | 10.7 (1.24, 92) | 0.01 | 9.59 (1.28, 195) | 0.05 | 7.3 (0.75, 166) | 0.11 |
| Single, divorced or widowed | 293 | 9 | 14.1 (1.78, 112) | < 0.01 | 15.2 (2.8, 284) | 0.01 | 13.0 (1.98, 254) | 0.02 |
| Nr. of sexual partners in the last 12 months | ||||||||
| 1 partner | 535 | 6 | 1 | |||||
| 2 partners | 24 | 1 | 3.72 (0.43, 32.1) | 0.20 | 3.21 (0.16, 21.4) | 0.30 | 1.38 (0.07, 9.23) | 0.08 |
| Sexual intercourse before age 15 | ||||||||
| No | 623 | 8 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 31 | 1 | 2.51 (0.30, 20.7) | 0.38 | 2.36 (0.12, 13.6) | 0.43 | 2.55 (0.13, 17.1) | 0.41 |
| Ever been tested for STI (excl. HIV) | ||||||||
| No | 341 | 6 | ||||||
| Yes | 318 | 3 | 0.54 (0.13, 2.16) | 0.37 | 0.484 (0.10, 1.86) | 0.31 | 0.58 (0.11, 2.77) | 0.49 |
| Tested for STI (excl. HIV) in the last 12 months | ||||||||
| No | 600 | 8 | ||||||
| Yes | 59 | 1 | 1.27 (0.16, 10.3) | 0.82 | 1.20 (0.06, 6.86) | 0.87 | 1.11 (0.05, 7.4) | 0.93 |
| Ever been tested for HIV | ||||||||
| No | 399 | 6 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 300 | 3 | 0.66 (0.16, 2.68) | 0.56 | 0.649(0.13, 2.49) | 0.54 | 0.69 (0.13, 3.32) | 0.65 |
| Tested for HIV in the last 12 months | ||||||||
| No | 647 | 8 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 52 | 1 | 1.56 (0.19, 12.7) | 0.68 | 1.61 (0.09, 9.19) | 0.66 | 1.37 (0.07, 9.18) | 0.78 |
| Health literacy level | ||||||||
| Low/limited | 231 | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Sufficient | 466 | 6 | 0.99 (0.25, 4.00) | 0.99 | 1.05 (0.27, 5.06) | 0.94 | 1.44 (0.3, 10.3) | 0.67 |
| Nationality | ||||||||
| Belgian | 630 | 9 | 1 | |||||
| Other | 123 | 1 | 0.57 (0.07, 4.53) | 0.59 | 0.553 (0.03, 2.99) | 0.58 | – | – |
| Level of education (lowest = 1, highest = 4) | 0.807 (0.34, 2.23) | 0.65 | 0.8 (0.33, 2.2) | 0.64 | 0.74 (0.20, 3.09) | 0.66 | ||
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, STI sexually transmitted infection, excl. excluding, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, Nr. number
aMultivariable analysis adjusting for gender and age in years
bMultivariable analysis adjusting for gender, age in years, number of sexual partners and type of sexual partner
cMultivariable analysis adjusting for gender, age in years, number of sexual partners and civil status